The Pursuit of Efficient Copyright Licensing : How Some Rights Reserved Attempts to Solve the Problems of All Rights Reserved

This dissertation analyses the growing pool of copyrighted works, which are offered to the public using Creative Commons licensing. The study consist of analysis of the novel licensing system, the licensors, and the changes of the "all rights reserved" —paradigm of copyright law. Copyright law reserves all rights to the creator until seventy years have passed since her demise. Many claim that this endangers communal interests. Quite often the creators are willing to release some rights. This, however, is very difficult to do and needs help of specialized lawyers. The study finds that the innovative Creative Commons licensing scheme is well suited for low value - high volume licensing. It helps to reduce transaction costs on several le¬vels. However, CC licensing is not a "silver bullet". Privacy, moral rights, the problems of license interpretation and license compatibility with other open licenses and collecting societies remain unsolved. The study consists of seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the research topic and research questions. The second and third chapters inspect the Creative Commons licensing scheme's technical, economic and legal aspects. The fourth and fifth chapters examine the incentives of the licensors who use open licenses and describe certain open business models. The sixth chapter studies the role of collecting societies and whether two institutions, Creative Commons and collecting societies can coexist. The final chapter summarizes the findings. The dissertation contributes to the existing literature in several ways. There is a wide range of prior research on open source licensing. However, there is an urgent need for an extensive study of the Creative Commons licensing and its actual and potential impact on the creative ecosystem.

Toward a-state-of-the-art IR copyright management system: a needs assessment

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Non-profit maximising organisations and the impact of privatisation, liberalisation, and public-sector reform

I denna avhandling analyserar jag både offentliga och privata företag och organisationer, inklusive universitet, särskilt när det existerar potentiell inre motivation. Jag behandlar både industriell produktion, inklusive infrastruktursektorer med vertikala relationer, och tjänstesektorn. Man tänker sig att ägandet kan påverka kostnadseffektiviteten dels genom olika storlek hos lönetillägg och andra förmåner för de anställda (eng. Internal Rent Capture), och dels via asymmetrisk information. Jag frågar dessutom om det finns andra faktorer än ägande och konkurrens som kan påverka prestandan hos kommersiella företag och ideella organisationer. Dessa frågeställningar aktualiseras av pågående reformer inom den offentliga sektorn, särskilt i samband med den så kallade nya offentliga förvaltningen (eng. New Public Management). Jag analyserar reformernas inverkan på hur bra en organisation fungerar och på den sociala välfärden. Analysen i denna avhandling är teoretisk, men resultaten är relaterade också till den empiriska litteraturen. Avhandlingen är uppdelad i del I och II. I del I sammanfattar jag avhandlingen och sätter den i ett sammanhang, medan del II består av fem redan publicerade essäer. De två första (I–II) är mera traditionella, i och med att de baserar sig på homo economicus (eng. the economic man), utan att beakta den inre motivationen. I essä I (publicerad 2008) bedömer vi fördelar och nackdelar av privatisering och avreglering innanför en sådan ram, men med en betoning också på icke återvinningsbara fasta kostnader och vertikala relationer. I essä II (publicerad 2012) fokuserar vi oss på vertikal separation, och konkurrensutsättning och privatisering i nätverksindustrier. I essäerna III–V vidgas perspektivet genom att införa potentiell inre motivation i en agentmodell. Analysen i essä III (publicerad 2014) tillämpas på offentligt ägande och privatisering. I essäerna IV och V (publicerade 2009 respektive 2013) utvidgas analysen till att även gälla kreativa branscher, särskilt arbete inom universiteten, där den inre motivationen hos de anställda kan tänkas vara avgörande. I dessa essäer tillämpas en analys som inbegriper ett intra-personellt spel inom ramen för en agentmodell med potentiell inre motivation. Vi analyserar sålunda avvägningen mellan ekonomiska incitament och inre motivation.

Implementation of educational change in Finland: The case of the undivided basic education reform

For the past decades, educational large-scale reforms have been elaborated and implemented in many countries and often resulted in partial or complete failure. These results brought researchers to study policy processes in order to address this particular challenge. Studies on implementation processes brought to light an existing causal relationship between the implementation process and the effectiveness of a reform. This study aims to describe the implementation process of educational change in Finland, who produced efficient educational reforms over the last 50 years. The case study used for the purpose of this study is the national reform of undivided basic education (yhtenäinen peruskoulu) implemented in the end of the 1990s. Therefore, this research aims to describe how the Finnish undivided basic education reform was implemented. This research was carried out using a pluralist and structuralist approach of policy process and was analyzed according to the hybrid model of implementation process. The data were collected using a triangulation of methods, i.e. documentary research, interviews and questionnaires. The data were qualitative and were analyzed using content analysis methods. This study concludes that the undivided basic education reform was applied in a very decentralized manner, which is a reflection of the decentralized system present in Finland. Central authorities provided a clear vision of the purpose of the reform, but did not control the implementation process. They rather provided extensive support in the form of transmission of information and development of collaborative networks. Local authorities had complete autonomy in terms of decision-making and implementation process. Discussions, debates and decisions regarding implementation processes took place at the local level and included the participation of all actors present on the field. Implementation methods differ from a region to another, with is the consequence of the variation of the level of commitment of local actors but also the diversity of local realities. The reform was implemented according to existing structures and values, which means that it was in cohesion with the context in which it was implemented. These results cannot be generalized to all implementation processes of educational change in Finland but give a great insight of what could be the model used in Finland. Future studies could intent to confirm the model described here by studying other reforms that took place in Finland.

Implementation of educational change in Finland: The case of the undivided basic education reform

For the past decades, educational large-scale reforms have been elaborated and implemented in many countries and often resulted in partial or complete failure. These results brought researchers to study policy processes in order to address this particular challenge. Studies on implementation processes brought to light an existing causal relationship between the implementation process and the effectiveness of a reform. This study aims to describe the implementation process of educational change in Finland, who produced efficient educational reforms over the last 50 years. The case study used for the purpose of this study is the national reform of undivided basic education (yhtenäinen peruskoulu) implemented in the end of the 1990s. Therefore, this research aims to describe how the Finnish undivided basic education reform was implemented. This research was carried out using a pluralist and structuralist approach of policy process and was analyzed according to the hybrid model of implementation process. The data were collected using a triangulation of methods, i.e. documentary research, interviews and questionnaires. The data were qualitative and were analyzed using content analysis methods. This study concludes that the undivided basic education reform was applied in a very decentralized manner, which is a reflection of the decentralized system present in Finland. Central authorities provided a clear vision of the purpose of the reform, but did not control the implementation process. They rather provided extensive support in the form of transmission of information and development of collaborative networks. Local authorities had complete autonomy in terms of decision-making and implementation process. Discussions, debates and decisions regarding implementation processes took place at the local level and included the participation of all actors present on the field. Implementation methods differ from a region to another, with is the consequence of the variation of the level of commitment of local actors but also the diversity of local realities. The reform was implemented according to existing structures and values, which means that it was in cohesion with the context in which it was implemented. These results cannot be generalized to all implementation processes of educational change in Finland but give a great insight of what could be the model used in Finland. Future studies could intent to confirm the model described here by studying other reforms that took place in Finland.