The Regulation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Blood Flow in Humans. Studies by positron emission tomography with special reference to exercise, adenosine and nitric oxide

Virtually every cell and organ in the human body is dependent on a proper oxygen supply. This is taken care of by the cardiovascular system that supplies tissues with oxygen precisely according to their metabolic needs. Physical exercise is one of the most demanding challenges the human circulatory system can face. During exercise skeletal muscle blood flow can easily increase some 20-fold and its proper distribution to and within muscles is of importance for optimal oxygen delivery. The local regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise remains little understood, but adenosine and nitric oxide may take part in this process. In addition to acute exercise, long-term vigorous physical conditioning also induces changes in the cardiovasculature, which leads to improved maximal physical performance. The changes are largely central, such as structural and functional changes in the heart. The function and reserve of the heart’s own vasculature can be studied by adenosine infusion, which according to animal studies evokes vasodilation via it’s a_2A receptors. This has, however, never been addressed in humans in vivo and also studies in endurance athletes have shown inconsistent results regarding the effects of sport training on myocardial blood flow. This study was performed on healthy young adults and endurance athletes and local skeletal and cardiac muscle blod flow was measured by positron emission tomography. In the heart, myocardial blood flow reserve and adenosine A_2A receptor density, and in skeletal muscle, oxygen extraction and consumption was also measured. The role of adenosine in the control of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise, and its vasodilator effects, were addressed by infusing competitive inhibitors and adenosine into the femoral artery. The formation of skeletal muscle nitric oxide was also inhibited by a drug, with and without prostanoid blockade. As a result and conclusion, it can be said that skeletal muscle blood flow heterogeneity decreases with increasing exercise intensity most likely due to increased vascular unit recruitment, but exercise hyperemia is a very complex phenomenon that cannot be mimicked by pharmacological infusions, and no single regulator factor (e.g. adenosine or nitric oxide) accounts for a significant part of exercise-induced muscle hyperemia. However, in the present study it was observed for the first time in humans that nitric oxide is not only important regulator of the basal level of muscle blood flow, but also oxygen consumption, and together with prostanoids affects muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption during exercise. Finally, even vigorous endurance training does not seem to lead to supranormal myocardial blood flow reserve, and also other receptors than A_2A mediate the vasodilator effects of adenosine. In respect to cardiac work, atheletes heart seems to be luxuriously perfused at rest, which may result from reduced oxygen extraction or impaired efficiency due to pronouncedly enhanced myocardial mass developed to excel in strenuous exercise.

Quality management of outsourcing welded structure: case China

For any international companies who wish to enter the Chinese market, quality is base on the fundamental. The companies are coming to realize the importance of quality gradually, thus companies have been put the quality problems on the agenda. The competitiveness of companies comes from quality. Quality is the key to success, and it can decide that the companies can be accepted or eliminated by the market. Due to the obvious benefits, the demand of the method of how to achieve high quality of product keeps growing. During achieving the high quality process, the main troubles come from the impact between Eastern and Western culture. Chinese culture which is different with Western one have lasted as long as five thousand years. Such a culture deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people, and effected generation after generation of Chinese people's working style and ways of thinking. This thesis determines how to find a good fit point between Eastern and Western culture. Doing right thing by the right way. The nature of improving quality is improving management level in fact. "How to manage, who should be managed", the thesis explains the basic and best option to achieve those. It describes three-dimension-style management to monitoring the working process. This kind of management style can inspect production process from horizontal and vertical direction. In this management way, it defines effective evaluation system to every subcontractor, and makes the companies to achieve the ultimate goal - satisfy quality. Because of the importance of human factor, the thesis determines the range of training of the inspector and welder due to the current situation of China. The results show that in order to reach reliable training effective evaluation, not only the quality of the human but also the ultimate goal of product quality.

Psykologinen vaikuttaminen CAST LEAD -operaatiossa

Ei-kineettinen vaikuttaminen on nousemassa – ellei jo noussut – kineettisen vaikuttamisen ohi sodankäynnin keinovalikoimassa. Viimeaikaisten konfliktien kokemukset ovat osoittaneet, että pelkällä fyysisellä voimankäytöllä ei päästä aina haluttuun lopputulokseen. Vaikka Irakissa ja Afganistanissa teknologialtaan ja kalustoltaan ylivertaiset länsiliittouman joukot saivat sotilaallisia voittoja alivoimaisista vastustajistaan, ovat ne olleet vaikeuksissa sissisotaa käyvien pienten ryhmittymien kanssa, eivätkä alueet rauhoittuneet varsinaisten sotatoimien päätyttyä. Tällöin on aloitettava taistelu sydämistä ja mielistä – ”Hearts and Minds” – ja tässä taistelussa ei pärjätä pelkästään tankein ja pommein. Omaa sanomaa levittämällä pyritään voittamaan kansan tuki itsensä taakse ja samalla viemään kannatus taistelevilta sissijoukoilta. Ilman voittoa informaatiorintamalla ei operaatiota voi voittaa. Fyysisellä voimankäytöllä on sen tuhovoiman lisäksi myös aina psykologinen vaikutus. Pitkään kestänyt tykistökeskitys aiheuttaa kranaattikauhua ja voi lamauttaa sen kohteeksi joutuneet henkisesti. Vaikutus voi ilmentyä myös muissa, kuin varsinaisen keskityksen kohteeksi joutuneissa – tieto massiivisesta tuhosta voi murentaa taistelutahdon naapurijoukoissa ilman, että se joutuisi edes tulen alle. Omissa joukoissa tieto massiivisesta tulivoimasta tukena voi vaikuttaa taistelutahtoa nostavasti. Siten myös perinteinen, fyysinen vaikuttaminen on yhä keskeinen väline psykologisessa vaikuttamisessa. Tutkimustehtävänä on selvittää, miten eri suorituskykyjä käytettiin psykologisen vaikuttamisen välineinä Israelin ja Hamasin välisessä konfliktissa 27.12.2008 - 19.1.2009. Tutkimuskysymyksinä ovat mitä eri suorituskykyjä ja niitä tukevia toimintoja käytettiin psykologisen vaikuttamisen välineinä sekä voidaanko niillä todeta olleen mitään vaikutuksia. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin teoriaohjaavaa aineiston analyysia, jossa aineisto on kerätty operaation ajalta eri uutissivustoilta sekä eri laitosten ja järjestöjen tutkimusraporteista ja selvityksistä. Aineistosta on etsitty havaintoja viitekehyksen mukaisten suorituskykyjen käytöstä ja tämän jälkeen on pyritty arvioimaan, miten kyseistä suorituskykyä käytettiin psykologisen vaikuttamisen välineenä ja olisiko sillä ollut vaikutusta. Operaation aikana molemmat osapuolet käyttivät omia suorituskykyjään vaikuttaakseen eri kohdeyleisöihin. Vaikuttamisen luonne riippui kohdeyleisöstä. Oman väestön ja joukon taistelutahtoa yritettiin vahvistaa, vastustajan taistelutahtoa yritettiin murentaa ja ulkopuolisia tahoja houkuteltiin antamaan itselle tukea ja vastustamaan toista osapuolta. Eri suorituskykyjen käytön vaikutuksia on vaikea arvioida etukäteen ja niiden aiheuttamat vaikutukset voivat olla haluttuja tai ei-haluttuja, yllättäviä tai odotettuja tai täysin arvaamattomia. Pienistäkin tapahtumista voi syntyä valtava vaikutus, mikäli se tapahtuu oikeaan aikaan oikeassa paikassa – tai päinvastoin väärässä paikassa väärään aikaan. Huolellisimminkin suunnitellut psykologiset operaatiot taas saattavat kaatua mitättömiltä tuntuviin sivuseikkoihin.

Lengsel - en kraft til helse

The aim of this study is to explore longing and its implication for health. The overall purpose is to develop a theory model of longing. The research question is: What is the substance of longing in a caring science perspective? The model is developed based on theoretical and empirical studies, which contains three different research materials; hermeneutic reading of texts by Augustine and Kierkegaard, and interpretation of research interviews with nine women in a cancer context. The design of the study is explorative and the ontological hermeneutics of Gadamer is chosen as a guidance for understanding. The main standpoint of the study is performed within the systematic caring science, which through basic research, generates knowledge about the human desire as crucial for the deeper health processes. Through the contextual study there is a link to the clinical caring science. In the ontology of the systematic caring science, the character of longing is in touch with two different aspects. Longing is rooted in the inner source of love of the ethos of the human where the inscrutable depth exists and contains the reality beyond the visible. Further, longing is essential for human being becoming in health and suffering, through holiness as a unit of body, soul and spirit. The results of the study are presented in a theory model. The model has by abduction provided new and deeper understanding of dimensions of longing related to health. On a general level the forces in longing unfolds in two perspectives; suffering and the basis of love. There appears to be a relationship between human and the source of love in all three materials. When human opens up his life in a larger perspective, resting in love, he can manage to stand in the thrill, and acknowledge loss and emptiness. In the transparency of an inner dialogue unfolding dispair, deeper longing can be opened up so that lives are released from the source of love. The holiness of the human desire has such appeal because the holiness of the source of love is always more than the suffering and the particular. The holiness in longing seems to satisfy the hearts deepest searching. The directon of longing is performed in relation to human and the source of love. The study reveals how longing is associated with the source of love, where the holiness of longing seems to drag the human and by that gives the answer to the seeking of the heart. Dynamics forces have direction from the human suffering in the foundation and a release of the power is given back to transform, deepen and reconcile life and suffering. The movements of the power released by longing are keys to understand the suffering of human in relation to the source of love, becoming in health. By this study, results contribute to deepen the ontological core of caring science. Firstly, human in his longing is connected to the inner ethos and by that the most sacred and absolute in itself so that parts of the potential of love can be released to health. Secondly, longing is the road of reconciliation and can further expand to authentic reconciliation, where human is becoming towards unity and holiness. Thirdly, the spirituality is unfolding through longing and the transcendental is received. In longing, human is in touch with the mystery, the longing exceeds the present and moving towards eternity and infinity, and is in what is yet to come. Such deep experience of longing moments leave an impression and show the longing fulfilled.

Store experiences and their influence on store performance and brand strength: Case Samsung Experience Store

Experiential marketing is increasingly seen as a new magical key to consumers’ hearts. Brands are turning brick-and-mortar stores into state of the art retail spaces where memorable experiences and strong brand relationships are hoped to be born. Around the globe, several brands have opened up a special format of stores – the experience store. Although many speculations on the positive effects of experiences have been presented, few studies have provided empirical, quantified evidence for the link between store experiences and brand success. In consequence, research was needed to find out whether experience stores truly are so special. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether store experiences are capable of building brands and influencing store performance. For this purpose, empirical research was conducted in the Samsung Experience Store Helsinki. As main constructs of the study, store experience, brand equity, store performance, and product class involvement were measured, along with relevant background variables. Data was collected with an electronic survey from actual customers of the store, resulting in a sample of 131 respondents. Partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS) was used for the analysis of the research model. Also, regression analysis was conducted to account for mediation and moderation effects. The results showed that store experiences do positively influence first, store performance, and second, separate dimensions of brand equity (that is, brand awareness, brand personality, and brand loyalty). Also, the effect of store experiences on store performance was found to be mediated by brand equity. Interestingly, customers’ product class involvement was detected to moderate the effect of store experience on store performance. That is, those who were highly involved with electronics had greater store experiences, and also displayed a stronger linkage between store experience and store performance. The results encourage marketers to continue with efforts to create great experiences for their customers. Experience stores can – and should be seen – as both powerful brand building tools and profitable sales channels. The creation of exceptional experiences can act as an important function of physical stores in the face of severe online competition.

Opus Sylvanum : Selim Palmgren ja Paavo Heininen vedenjakajan maisemissa

Konsertissa esiintyvät pianistit: Elisa Järvi, Annikka Konttori-Gustafsson, Tuomas Mali, Maria Männikkö, Anu Vehviläinen.

Toward a Reliable Classifier For Arrhythmia Diagnosis

Illnesses related to the heart are one of the major reasons for death all over the world causing many people to lose their lives in last decades. The good news is that many of those sicknesses are preventable if they are spotted in early stages. On the other hand, the number of the doctors are much lower than the number of patients. This will makes the auto diagnosing of diseases even more and more essential for humans today. Furthermore, when it comes to the diagnosing methods and algorithms, the current state of the art is lacking a comprehensive study on the comparison between different diagnosis solutions. Not having a single valid diagnosing solution has increased the confusion among scholars and made it harder for them to take further steps. This master thesis will address the issue of reliable diagnosing algorithm. We investigate ECG signals and the relation between different diseases and the heart’s electrical activity. Also, we will discuss the necessary steps needed for auto diagnosing the heart diseases including the literatures discussing the topic. The main goal of this master thesis is to find a single reliable diagnosing algorithm and quest for the best classifier to date for heart related sicknesses. Five most suited and most well-known classifiers, such as KNN, CART, MLP, Adaboost and SVM, have been investigated. To have a fair comparison, the ex-periment condition is kept the same for all classification methods. The UCI repository arrhythmia dataset will be used and the data will not be preprocessed. The experiment results indicates that AdaBoost noticeably classifies different diseases with a considera-bly better accuracy.