Repair of segmental bone defects with fiber-reinforced composite: a study of material development and an animal model on rabbits

The Repair of segmental defects in load-bearing long bones is a challenging task because of the diversity of the load affecting the area; axial, bending, shearing and torsional forces all come together to test the stability/integrity of the bone. The natural biomechanical requirements for bone restorative materials include strength to withstand heavy loads, and adaptivity to conform into a biological environment without disturbing or damaging it. Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials have shown promise, as metals and ceramics have been too rigid, and polymers alone are lacking in strength which is needed for restoration. The versatility of the fiber-reinforced composites also allows tailoring of the composite to meet the multitude of bone properties in the skeleton. The attachment and incorporation of a bone substitute to bone has been advanced by different surface modification methods. Most often this is achieved by the creation of surface texture, which allows bone growth, onto the substitute, creating a mechanical interlocking. Another method is to alter the chemical properties of the surface to create bonding with the bone – for example with a hydroxyapatite (HA) or a bioactive glass (BG) coating. A novel fiber-reinforced composite implant material with a porous surface was developed for bone substitution purposes in load-bearing applications. The material’s biomechanical properties were tailored with unidirectional fiber reinforcement to match the strength of cortical bone. To advance bone growth onto the material, an optimal surface porosity was created by a dissolution process, and an addition of bioactive glass to the material was explored. The effects of dissolution and orientation of the fiber reinforcement were also evaluated for bone-bonding purposes. The Biological response to the implant material was evaluated in a cell culture study to assure the safety of the materials combined. To test the material’s properties in a clinical setting, an animal model was used. A critical-size bone defect in a rabbit’s tibia was used to test the material in a load-bearing application, with short- and long-term follow-up, and a histological evaluation of the incorporation to the host bone. The biomechanical results of the study showed that the material is durable and the tailoring of the properties can be reproduced reliably. The Biological response - ex vivo - to the created surface structure favours the attachment and growth of bone cells, with the additional benefit of bioactive glass appearing on the surface. No toxic reactions to possible agents leaching from the material could be detected in the cell culture study when compared to a nontoxic control material. The mechanical interlocking was enhanced - as expected - with the porosity, whereas the reinforcing fibers protruding from the surface of the implant gave additional strength when tested in a bone-bonding model. Animal experiments verified that the material is capable of withstanding load-bearing conditions in prolonged use without breaking of the material or creating stress shielding effects to the host bone. A Histological examination verified the enhanced incorporation to host bone with an abundance of bone growth onto and over the material. This was achieved with minimal tissue reactions to a foreign body. An FRC implant with surface porosity displays potential in the field of reconstructive surgery, especially regarding large bone defects with high demands on strength and shape retention in load-bearing areas or flat bones such as facial / cranial bones. The benefits of modifying the strength of the material and adjusting the surface properties with fiber reinforcement and bone-bonding additives to meet the requirements of different bone qualities are still to be fully discovered.

Neural mechanisms underlying conscious and unconscious vision. Evidence from event-related potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Vision affords us with the ability to consciously see, and use this information in our behavior. While research has produced a detailed account of the function of the visual system, the neural processes that underlie conscious vision are still debated. One of the aims of the present thesis was to examine the time-course of the neuroelectrical processes that correlate with conscious vision. The second aim was to study the neural basis of unconscious vision, that is, situations where a stimulus that is not consciously perceived nevertheless influences behavior. According to current prevalent models of conscious vision, the activation of visual cortical areas is not, as such, sufficient for consciousness to emerge, although it might be sufficient for unconscious vision. Conscious vision is assumed to require reciprocal communication between cortical areas, but views differ substantially on the extent of this recurrent communication. Visual consciousness has been proposed to emerge from recurrent neural interactions within the visual system, while other models claim that more widespread cortical activation is needed for consciousness. Studies I-III compared models of conscious vision by studying event-related potentials (ERP). ERPs represent the brain’s average electrical response to stimulation. The results support the model that associates conscious vision with activity localized in the ventral visual cortex. The timing of this activity corresponds to an intermediate stage in visual processing. Earlier stages of visual processing may influence what becomes conscious, although these processes do not directly enable visual consciousness. Late processing stages, when more widespread cortical areas are activated, reflect the access to and manipulation of contents of consciousness. Studies IV and V concentrated on unconscious vision. By using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) we show that when early visual cortical processing is disturbed so that subjects fail to consciously perceive visual stimuli, they may nevertheless guess (above chance-level) the location where the visual stimuli were presented. However, the results also suggest that in a similar situation, early visual cortex is necessary for both conscious and unconscious perception of chromatic information (i.e. color). Chromatic information that remains unconscious may influence behavioral responses when activity in visual cortex is not disturbed by TMS. Our results support the view that early stimulus-driven (feedforward) activation may be sufficient for unconscious processing. In conclusion, the results of this thesis support the view that conscious vision is enabled by a series of processing stages. The processes that most closely correlate with conscious vision take place in the ventral visual cortex ~200 ms after stimulus presentation, although preceding time-periods and contributions from other cortical areas such as the parietal cortex are also indispensable. Unconscious vision relies on intact early visual activation, although the location of visual stimulus may be unconsciously resolved even when activity in the early visual cortex is interfered with.

Digital Humanities For Everyone’s Benefit?: interplay in social media with the great audience, high-esteemed researcher and self-conscious library

The National Library of Finland realizes the Digitization Project of Kindred Languages in 2012–15. The project is financially supported by the Kone Foundation. During this project the National Library of Finland has digitized and made available approximately 1200 monograph and more than 100 newspaper titles in several Uralic languages. The materials are available to both researchers and citizens in the National Library’s Fenno-Ugrica collection. The project will produce digitized materials in the Uralic languages as well as their development tools to support linguistic research and citizen science. The resulting materials will constitute the largest resource for the Uralic languages in the world. Through this project, researchers will gain access to corpora which they have not been able to study before and to which all users will have open access regardless of their place of residence. In my presentation, I will discuss 1) how we utilized the social media (Facebook, Twitter, VKontakte etc) to gain audience for our collection and 2) how the needs of researchers and laymen were met in crowdsourcing.

Kun pelko astuu lavalle : eli kuinka opin elämään esiintymisjännityksen kanssa

This thesis focuses on stage fright; what it is and how to find the ideal solution in connection with stage fright. To find the way toward free expression; to find the way from lack of control to con-trol. It also describes how to learn to live with stage fright. Different experiences of stage fright have been used as source material, along with relevant theoretical information. The thesis highlights the importance of handling stage fright and studies stage fright in-depth, with examples. It presents studies and collected theories according to Päivi Arjas. It discusses presence and contact in the work of an actor with reference to the Gestalt method. It also presents methods of reducing stage fright. Ideal presence on stage is addressed, and how to turn stage fright into a positive thing. Finally, it considers the good aspects of stage fright in more deepth and goes through learning to live with stage fright. The thesis concludes that it is possible to heal stage fright. Gestalt methodology was of assistance with the healing process, with becoming conscious of symptoms, and thus in finding one's own way of turning anxious suspense into a positive way forward.

Intuitiosta esitykseen : Lear-prosessi itsereflektion ja katsojapalautteen valossa

My final project presents the directing process of my experimental production based on King Lear by William Shakespeare. I describe the process from the first visions of the beginning to the completed performance and finally the feedback from the audience. I concentrate on the special qualities of the production, such as interaction, small and moveable audience, cinematic qualities, polyphonic dramaturgy, and use of the video. The Project is divided into six parts. The first part introduces the project as a whole. The second part concentrates on the process before the beginning of the rehearsals. The third part focuses on the rehearsals and co-operation with the actors, whereas the fourth part deals with the performance and its special qualities. Following this, in the fifth part I study the interaction of the performance with the help of the audience feedback. In the final part conclusions are drawn. The focus of this work is the use of intuition even as a starting point of the theatre directing process. My conclusions drawn from the description of the process suggest that the starting point of the theatre production may be an intuitive vision as well as some conscious subject or message.

Development of Craniofacial Bone Defect Reconstruction Implant Based on Fibre-Reinforced Composite with Photopolymerisable Resin Systems. Experimental studies in vitro and in vivo.

Reconstruction of defects in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) area has mainly been based on bone grafts or metallic fixing plates and screws. Particularly in the case of large calvarial and/or craniofacial defects caused by trauma, tumours or congenital malformations, there is a need for reliable reconstruction biomaterials, because bone grafts or metallic fixing systems do not completely fulfill the criteria for the best possible reconstruction methods in these complicated cases. In this series of studies, the usability of fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) was studied as a biostable, nonmetallic alternative material for reconstructing artificially created bone defects in frontal and calvarial areas of rabbits. The experimental part of this work describes the different stages of the product development process from the first in vitro tests with resin-impregnated fibrereinforced composites to the in vivo animal studies, in which this FRC was tested as an implant material for reconstructing different size bone defects in rabbit frontal and calvarial areas. In the first in vitro study, the FRC was polymerised in contact with bone or blood in the laboratory. The polymerised FRC samples were then incubated in water, which was analysed for residual monomer content by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that this in vitro polymerisation in contact with bone and blood did not markedly increase the residual monomer leaching from the FRC. In the second in vitro study, different adhesive systems were tested in fixing the implant to bone surface. This was done to find an alternative implant fixing system to screws and pins. On the basis of this study, it was found that the surface of the calvarial bone needed both mechanical and chemical treatments before the resinimpregnated FRC could be properly fixed onto it. In three animal studies performed with rabbit frontal bone defects and critical size calvarial bone defect models, biological responses to the FRC implants were evaluated. On the basis of theseevaluations, it can be concluded that the FRC, based on E-glass (electrical glass) fibres forming a porous fibre veil enables the ingrowth of connective tissues to the inner structures of the material, as well as the bone formation and mineralization inside the fibre veil. Bone formation could be enhanced by using bioactive glass granules fixed to the FRC implants. FRC-implanted bone defects healed partly; no total healing of defects was achieved. Biological responses during the follow-up time, at a maximum of 12 weeks, to resin-impregnated composite implant seemed to depend on the polymerization time of the resin matrix of the FRC. Both of the studied resin systems used in the FRC were photopolymerised and the heat-induced postpolymerisation was used additionally.

Valukappaleen ainetta rikkomattoman tarkastusprosessin kehittäminen

Ainetta rikkomattomien tarkastusten merkitys erityisesti valettujen kappaleiden valmistuksen yhteydessä on ratkaiseva koneenosan luotettavuuden varmistamisessa. Suurilujuuksiset kuormausnosturin kääntöpylväät ovat kriittisiä osia, joiden vaurioituminen aiheuttaa kustannuksia ja työturvallisuusriskin. Kuormainvalmistajat haluavat, että toimitetut kääntöpylväät täyttävät asetetut laatuvaatimukset, joihin kuuluu säröttömyyden varmistaminen tarkastamalla. Väsymisvaurioiden välttämiseksi kappaleiden pinnan virheettömyys on tarkastettava jollakin pintatarkastusmenetelmällä. Magneettijauhetarkastus on eräs käyttökelpoinen ja taloudellinen menetelmä kyseessä olevien teräsvalukappaleiden tarkastamisessa. Tähän työhön on koottu magneettijauhetarkastukseen (menetelmänä) liittyvää tietoa. Työssä on laadittu kääntöpylväisiin koneistuksia tekevän yrityksen käyttöön tarkastuksen yleisohje. Yrityksessä otetaan käyttöön uusi magneettijauhetarkastuslaitteisto. Tarkastusmenetelmä on fluoresoivamärkä menetelmä, jossa käytetään UV-valaistusta. Tarkastusohjeen tueksi on kuvattu vertailukuvasarja tarkastajien käyttöön. Suurin sallittava särönpituus on väsymisen kannalta tärkein yksittäinen tekijä ja siksi sen arvioinnin on oltava luotettavaa. Työturvallisuuteen on kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota, sillä asiakkaatovat usein kiinnostuneita paitsi itse tuotteesta, myös yrityksen toiminnallisesta laadusta. Yhtenä laadun mittarina voidaan pitää vahinkojen ja tapaturmien vähäisyyttä. Selkeät toimintaohjeet viestivät laatutietoisesta turvallisesta toiminnasta. Yrityksen laatukäsikirjaan on tehtävä lisäys pylväiden tarkastamisesta jatyöturvallisuudesta. Työssä on laadittu lisäyksestä ehdotus. Lisäksi työssä on pohdittu yrityksen ja työntekijöiden toimintaan liittyviä vastuukysymyksiä.

Kulutusosapalvelun hinnoittelumallin kehittäminen

Tämä diplomityö käsittelee paperikoneiden kulutusosapalvelua tarjoavan yrityksen hinnoittelumallin kehittämistä haastavassa toimintaympäristössä, jossa kilpailu on kiristynyt ja asiakkaat ovat muuttuneet entistä hintatietoisemmiksi. Työn tavoitteena on kehittää kulutusosapalvelulle hinnoittelumalli ja pohtia ¤/tuotettu paperitonni (¤/tonni)-hinnoittelun soveltuvuutta paperikoneiden kulutusosapalvelua toimittaville yrityksille. ¤/tonni-hinnoittelussalähtökohta on asiakkaalle tuotettu hyöty; kuinka paljon paperia kulutusosilla pystytään tuottamaan. ¤/tonni-hinnoittelua tarkastellaan tarkemmin esimerkkiasiakkaiden avulla, joiden tehtailla toimintatavat kulutusosapalveluun liittyen vaihtelevat. Tavoitteena on selvittää kulutusosapalvelun ¤/tonni-kustannukset eri toimintatavoissa kulutusosapalveluita tarjoavan yrityksen sekä asiakkaan näkökulmasta. Työssä selvitetään kuinka eri toimintatapojen ja asiakkaiden kannattavuus vaihtelee kulutusosapalveluita tarjoavan yrityksen kannalta, jamikä toimintamalli on edullisin asiakkaan kannalta. Kehitettävän hinnoittelumallin avulla analysoidaan, kuinka paljon hyötyä kulutusosapalveluita tarjoava yritys tarjoaa asiakkailleen palveluillaan. Kulutusosapalvelu jaetaan kolmeen selvitettävään kustannuskomponenttiin; kulutusosa-, logistiikka- ja laadun puutekustannuksiin. Työn teoreettinen osa koostuu kirjallisuustutkimuksesta liittyen hinnoitteluun, hinnoittelumalleihin ja hinnoittelusopimuksiin. Työnempiirinen osa perustuu haastatteluihin ja sisäisten tietojärjestelmien tietoihin. Kirjallisuustutkimuksen, haastattelujen ja kohdeyrityksen sisäisen materiaalin avulla mallinnetaan loogismatemaattisesti taulukkolaskentasovellus, ¤/tonni-hinnoittelumalli. Työn keskeiset tulokset liittyvät siihen, mitä asioita tulee huomioida ¤/tonni-hinnoittelusopimusta asiakkaan kanssa tehtäessä, miten ¤/tonni-kustannukset vaihtelevat eri toimintavoissa ja kuinka hinnoittelumallin kehittämistä kannattaa edelleen jatkaa.

VELALLISEN EPÄREHELLISYYS RIKOKSENA: Tunnusmerkistön tulkintaa oikeuskäytännön avulla

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää velallisen rikoksiin kuuluvaa velallisen epärehellisyyttä koskevaa lainsäädäntöä (rikoslain 39 luvun 1§), säännöksen tunnusmerkistöä ja tulkintaa oikeuskäytännön avulla. Velallisen epärehellisyyteen syyllistytään hävittämällä tosiasiallisesti omaisuutta tavalla, joka loukkaa velkojia. Tutkimuksessa on pyritty selvittämään mitkä liiketoimintaan liittyvät keinot ovat sallittuja ja mitkä kiellettyjä velallisen epärehellisyysrikoksissa. Teoriaosassa käydään läpi velallisen epärehellisyyteen liittyvää lainsäädäntöä, lain esitöitä sekä aiempia tutkimuksia. Empiriaosassa käydään läpi velallisen epärehellisyysrikosten oikeustapauksia ja niiden avulla selvitetään käytännössä toteutunutta tunnusmerkistön tulkintaa. Tutkitun aineiston mukaan tyypilliset velallisen epärehellisyyteen syyllistyneet yrittäjät ovat pienten yritysten omistajayrittäjiä, jotka pelastavat heikossa taloudellisessa tilassa olevista yrityksistä varoja itselleen. Usein rikossyyte näyttää tulevan yllätyksenä, mutta on myös tapauksia joihin liittyy useita eri rikoksia ja teot vaikuttavat selvästi tahallisilta.

Distribution systems of the food sector in Russia: the perspective of Finnish food industry

Finnish food producers' trade with Russia has experienced profound changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Simultaneously, the distribution systems of foodstuffs have changed remarkably. This study sheds some light into these changes and analyses the current situation in distribution systems of foodstuffs in Russia. In addition, the study discusses the possibilities of Finnish food producers to get more of their products to the shelves of Russian food retail stores. Before the 1998 financial crisis, the import of foreign foodstuffs was booming in Russia due to the overvalued rouble. As a result of the financial crisis, food import collapsed. The export of Finnish foodstuffs to Russia has been slowly recovering during the past few years, but in the most important product categories the pre-crisis levels have so far not been reached and maybe will not be reached. In certain product categories the growth has been only marginal. It seems that starting localproduction will become increasingly important in the future. This is further encouraged by the fact that Russian consumers favour domestic food products. Russian consumers are very price conscious and demand quality in food products. The perceived price-quality ratio is an important criterion in the purchase decision.The majority of foodstuff retail is still conducted via unorganised forms of trade (e.g. kiosks and marketplaces) but modern retail chains are developing at a fast pace in Russia. They are also expected to dominate the retail trade in foodstuffs over the unorganised forms of trade in the future. This will change the distribution systems as well. The retail chains are trying to shorten the distribution chain, similarly to what has been seen in the Western countries. This together with the strengthening of retail chains is likely to shrink the role of wholesalers, as the chains increasingly want to work directly with the producers. Many large retail chains are acquiring or have already acquired a distribution centre or centres in order to boost efficiency and control the flow of products. The strengthening of the retail chains also gives them power in negotiations, which the producers and distributors have to adjust to. For example store entry fees and retail chains' own private label products pose challenges to the food producers. In the food production sector the competition is fierce, as large Russianand foreign producers want to ensure their piece of the market. The largest producers utilise their size: they invest in big marketing campaigns and are willing to pay high entry fees to retail chains in order to secure a place on the store shelves and to build a strong brand in Russia. This complicates the situation from the viewpoint of small producers. Currently, the most popular type of distribution system among the interviewed Finnish food producers is based on a network of local distributors. There is, however, a strong consensus on the importanceof starting local production in order to be a serious actor in Russia in the future. Factors that hinder the starting of local production include the lack of local infrastructure and qualified staff, and the low risk tolerance of Finnish firms. Major barriers for entry in Russia are the actions of authorities, fierce competition, fragmented market and Finnish producers' heavy production costs. The suggested strategies for increasing the market share include focusing geographically or segment-wise, introducing new products, starting local production, andcooperation between Finnish producers. Smallness was one reason why Finnish producers had to cut down their operations in Russia due to the 1998 crisis. Smaller producers had fewer resources to tolerate losses during the period of crisis. Smallness is reflected also on trade negotiations with retail chains and distributors. It makes it harder to cope with the store entry fees and to differentiatefrom the mass of products propped up by expensive advertising. Finally, it makes it harder for Finnish producers to start or expand local production, as it is more difficult for a small producer to get financing and to tolerate the increased risks. Compensating for the smallness might become the crucial factor determining the future success of Finnish food producers in the Russian market.

Cost information in engineering design -Potentials and limitations of activity-based costing

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse activity-based costing (ABC) and possible modified versions ofit in engineering design context. The design engineers need cost information attheir decision-making level and the cost information should also have a strong future orientation. These demands are high because traditional management accounting has concentrated on the direct actual costs of the products. However, cost accounting has progressed as ABC was introduced late 1980s and adopted widely bycompanies in the 1990s. The ABC has been a success, but it has gained also criticism. In some cases the ambitious ABC systems have become too complex to build,use and update. This study can be called an action-oriented case study with some normative features. In this thesis theoretical concepts are assessed and allowed to unfold gradually through interaction with data from three cases. The theoretical starting points are ABC and theory of engineering design process (chapter2). Concepts and research results from these theoretical approaches are summarized in two hypotheses (chapter 2.3). The hypotheses are analysed with two cases (chapter 3). After the two case analyses, the ABC part is extended to cover alsoother modern cost accounting methods, e.g. process costing and feature costing (chapter 4.1). The ideas from this second theoretical part are operationalized with the third case (chapter 4.2). The knowledge from the theory and three cases is summarized in the created framework (chapter 4.3). With the created frameworkit is possible to analyse ABC and its modifications in the engineering design context. The framework collects the factors that guide the choice of the costing method to be used in engineering design. It also illuminates the contents of various ABC-related costing methods. However, the framework needs to be further tested. On the basis of the three cases it can be said that ABC should be used cautiously when formulating cost information for engineering design. It is suitable when the manufacturing can be considered simple, or when the design engineers are not cost conscious, and in the beginning of the design process when doing adaptive or variant design. If the design engineers need cost information for the embodiment or detailed design, or if manufacturing can be considered complex, or when design engineers are cost conscious, the ABC has to be always evaluated critically.

Micronization of Pharmaceuticals and Food Ingredients using Supercritical Fluid Techniques

Micronization techniques based on supercritical fluids (SCFs) are promising for the production of particles with controlled size and distribution. The interest of the pharmaceutical field in the development of SCF techniques is increasing due to the need for clean processes, reduced consumption of energy, and to their several possible applications. The food field is still far from the application of SCF micronization techniques, but there is increasing interest mainly for the processing of products with high added value. The aim of this study is to use SCF micronization techniques for the production of particles of pharmaceuticals and food ingredients with controlled particle size and morphology, and to look at their production on semi-industrial scale. The results obtained are also used to understand the processes from the perspective of broader application within the pharmaceutical and food industries. Certain pharmaceuticals, a biopolymer and a food ingredient have been tested using supercritical antisolvent micronization (SAS) or supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) techniques. The reproducibility of the SAS technique has been studied using physically different apparatuses and on both laboratory and semi-industrial scale. Moreover, a comparison between semi-continuous and batch mode has been performed. The behaviour of the system during the SAS process has been observed using a windowed precipitation vessel. The micronized powders have been characterized by particle size and distribution, morphology and crystallinity. Several analyses have been performed to verify if the SCF process modified the structure of the compound or caused degradation or contamination of the product. The different powder morphologies obtained have been linked to the position of the process operating point with respect to the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the systems studied, that is, mainly to the position of the mixture critical point (MCP) of the mixture. Spherical micro, submicro- and nanoparticles, expanded microparticles (balloons) and crystals were obtained by SAS. The obtained particles were amorphous or with different degrees of crystallinity and, in some cases, had different pseudo-polymorphic or polymorphic forms. A compound that could not be processed using SAS was micronized by SAA, and amorphous particles were obtained, stable in vials at room temperature. The SCF micronization techniques studied proved to be effective and versatile for the production of particles for several uses. Furthermore, the findings of this study and the acquired knowledge of the proposed processes can allow a more conscious application of SCF techniques to obtain products with the desired characteristics and enable the use of their principles for broader applications.

Tuotantosuunnitelman julkaiseminen partnereille internetissä

Stora Enso käyttää tehtaillaan TietoEnatorin luomaa Fenix-toiminnanohjaus-järjestelmää. Fenix on monimutkainen järjestelmä, joka sisältää mm. tuotannon-ohjausosion, jolla luodaan paperikoneille tuotantosuunnitelmia. Fenix-projektiin on syntynyt sivutuotteena PartnerWeb-projekti, jonka tarkoituksena on julkaista joitakin Fenixin palveluita internetissä. Kohderyhmänä ovat pääasiassa Stora Enson suurimmat asiakkaat, heidän partnerinsa. Tämän työn tavoitteena on rakentaa teoriatasolla toimivat sovellukset internet- ja WAP-ympäristöihin koskien PartnerWebin tuotantosuunnitelmaosiota. Tavoitteena on myös tutkia, mitä vaatimuksia kyseisessä ympäristössä julkaistava sovellus asettaa sekä missä muodossa ja mitä tietoa partnereille esitetään. Lähestymistapa on varsin tietoturvapainotteinen, johtuen Fenixin tärkeydestä Stora Ensolle. Työn tuloksena saatiin luotua teoriatason käyttöliittymät internet- ja WAP-ympäristöihin. Tuloksena saatiin myös tietoturvallinen arkkitehtuuri. Sovellusten osalta työ jatkuu edelleen, tavoitteena on rakentaa luotuihin käyttöliittymiin toimivat sovellukset, jotka käyttävät Fenix-palveluita.

Ydinosaaminen Atro -konsernissa - Balanced Scorecard ja oppiva organisaatio toiminnan kehittäjinä

Tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata Atro-konsernin henkilöstön näkemyksiä konsernin ydinosaamisesta sekä sitä tukevasta osaamisesta. Tässä tutkielmassa on kolme teemaa; päätutkimusongelmana konsernin yhtiöiden ydinosaamisten erottaminen muusta osaamisesta sekä alatutkimusongelmina ydinosaamisen ja organisaation toiminnan kehittämisen työkalut Balanced Scorecard ja oppiva organisaatio. Tutkielmassa on käytetty laadullista tutkimusotetta, joka sopii hyvin tutkimuksiin joissa pyritään selvittämään tutkittavien sen hetkisiä ajatuksia ja näkemyksiä tutkittavasta aiheesta. Empiirinen aineisto on kerätty teemahaastattelemalla 22 henkilöä Atro –konsernista. Tässä tutkielmassa käytettyjen tutkimusmenetelmien ja analyysin kautta saadut tutkimustulokset kuvaavat tavoitteiden mukaisesti Atro-konsernin henkilöstön toimimista ydinosaamiseen, Balanced Scorecardiin ja oppivaan organisaatioon liittyvissä asioissa. Työn tutkimustuloksista voidaan esittää johtopäätöksenä, että ydinosaamisen kehittämiseksi organisaation johdon pitää tietää organisaation todelliset osaamisalueet ja osata johtaa näistä ydinosaaminen. Balanced Scorecardin ja oppivan organisaation hyödyntäminen ydinosaamisen ja organisaation toiminnan kehittäjinä ei ole ongelmatonta. Niiden kehittämiseen organisaation johdon on panostettava resursseja. Organisaation toiminnan kehittämisen on oltava tietoista ja pitkäjänteistä, jotta kehittämistyökalujen hyödyt eivät jää irrallisiksi muusta toiminnasta eivätkä näin ollen tue organisaation kehittämistyötä parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla. Työn tulosten yleistämisessä tulee ottaa huomioon, että kussakin organisaatiossa ihmiset toimivat kokemustensa ja osaamistensa kautta, jotka vaikuttavat kunkin organisaation kykyyn menestyä vallitsevilla markkinoilla.

Markkinointiviestintä tietojohtamisen näkökulmasta – työntekijä maineen ja imagon rakentajana Case: Hesburger

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia yrityksen sisäistä, epävirallista viestintää sekä yrityksen henkilökunnan viestintää erilaissa sosiaalisissa verkostoissa. Viestintää tutkitaan yrityksen markkinointiviestinnän kannalta, maineen ja imagon rakentamisen näkökulmasta. Case –organisaationa tutkimuksessa on Hesburger, Suomen suurin pikaruokaketju. Tutkimuksessa käytetään tiedonkeruumenetelmänä kvalitatiivista teema-haastattelua. Tutkimusongelmia peilataan yleisiin markkinointiviestinnän ja kommunikoinnin teorioihin. Tutkimuksen avulla saatiin selkeä kuva siitä, miten työntekijä toimii organisaation sisäisissä, epävirallisissa viestintätilanteissa ja, miten työntekijä viestii sekä omalla kulutuskäyttäytymisellään että suusannallisesti sosiaalisessa verkostossaan yritykseen liittyvistä asioista. Case -organisaatio toimii työvoimavaltaisella palvelualalla, jossa työntekijöiden rooli viestien välittäjinä on suuri. Koska kyseessä on kuluttajapalveluja tuottava yritys, käy tutkimuksessa ilmi, että sosiaalisissa verkostoissa tapahtuva viestintä on suuressa roolissa yrityksen maineen rakentajana. Yrityksen kannalta on tärkeää tiedostaa erilaisten verkostojen ja yhteisöjen olemassaolo sekä ymmärtää niiden vaikutus imagon muodostumisessa. Sisäisen markkinoinnin sekä suhdemarkkinoinnin keinoin myös epävirallisissa verkostoissa ja yhteisöissä liikkuvaa tietoa voidaan johtaa ja loppukuluttajille tätä kautta välittyvää informaatiota hallita.