Suomalainen CIMIC -toiminta Afganistanissa : tarinoita klinikoista, penaaleista ja vastavallankumouksellisesta strategista

CIMIC on useimmille sotilaallista kriisinhallintaa seuranneelle tuttu ilmiö, ainakin pintapuo-lisesti. Kun suomalaista CIMIC-toimintaa kuvataan mediassa, saa usein kuvan pyyteettömäs-tä, paikallisten ihmisten ahdinkoa helpottavasta hyväntekeväisyydestä. Kokonaisvaltaisen kriisinhallinnan sisäisen roolijaon näkökulmasta tämänkaltainen sotilaiden ja humanitaarisen toiminnan sekoittaminen vaikuttaa kuitenkin oudolta. Mitä muuta CIMIC:istä kerrotaan? Mi-tä sillä tavoitellaan? Onnistutaanko siinä? Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia suomalaista CIMIC-toimintaa. Pääongelmana oli selvit-tää, millaiseksi kokonaiskuva suomalaisesta CIMIC-toiminnasta sotilasjohtamisen apuväli-neenä Afganistanissa muodostuu. Tutkimuksen kohteena olivat erilaiset suomalaista CIMIC-toimintaa kuvaavat tarinat sekä niiden suhde sotilasjohtamiseen ja erityisesti suomalaisen kriisinhallintajoukon komentajaan. Tutkimusmenetelmä on narratiivinen aineistoanalyysi. Tutkimuksen aineisto jaetaan kolmeen ryhmään, jotka yhdessä kattavat ilmiön ongelmakentän. Aineisto puretaan aineistoryhmittäin osiksi, tarinallisiksi elementeiksi. Tarinallisista elementeistä kootaan ilmiötä kuvaavia uusia tarinoita. Tutkimusongelma ratkaistaan vertailemalla tarinoita ja tulkitsemalla niiden kautta syntyvää kuvaa suomalaisesta CIMIC-toiminnasta Afganistanissa. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että suomalaisen CIMIC-toiminnan luonne on muuttunut Afganistanissa reilun vuosikymmenen aikana useita kertoja. Suomalaista CIMIC-toimintaa on ollut niin tiedon kerääminen tiedusteluanalyysin pohjaksi, tyttökoulujen rakentaminen, luonnonmullistukseen liittyvä humanitaarinen hätäapu, operaatioissa tapahtuneiden oheisva-hinkojen korvaaminen kuin COIN-strategian mukaiseen taisteluun osallistuminenkin. Ilmiön kirjo on valtava. Suomalaisen CIMIC-toiminnan sisäiseen painottumiseen ovat vaikuttaneet operaation vaihe, operatiivinen tilanne ja tehtävät, muiden toimijoiden tavoitteet sekä komentajien tahto. Suo-malaisesta CIMIC-toiminnasta on ollut eniten tukea sotilasjoukolle operaation alussa ja ope-ratiivisen tilanteen heikentymisen jälkeisinä aikoina. Muina aikoina suomalainen CIMIC-toiminta on tukenut sotilasoperaatiota vähemmän ja keskittynyt siviiliympäristön tukemiseen.

The duality of tactical thought : a study of how Swedish land forces' commanders view tactics in irregular warfare

This is a sociological study of the views of officers in the Swedish Army and its Amphibious Forces on tactics in Irregular Warfare (IW), in particular, Counterinsurgency (COIN). IW comprises struggles, where the military weaker part uses an indirect approach with smaller units and integrates the civilian and military dimensions in a violence spectrum including subversion, terrorism, Guerrilla Warfare and infantry actions. IW is the main armed warfare style in insurgencies. COIN is the combined political, military, economic, social and legal actions in counter insurgencies. Data has been collected by means of interviews with almost all (n =43) officers, who were either commanding battalions or rifle and manoeuvre companies while undergoing training for general warfare and international operations. The main theoretical and methodological inspiration is the traditional one for research on social fields, inaugurated by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The statistical technique used is Multiple Correspondence Analysis. As a background and context base, an inquiry inspired by the Begriffsgechichte (Conceptual History) tradition explores the genesis and development of understandings of the term Irregular Warfare. The research question is outlined as; “how can contemporary Swedish military thought on tactics in Irregular Warfare be characterized using descriptive patterns, mapped in relation to background factors and normative standards? The most significant findings are that there are two main opposing notions separating the officers’ views on tactics in Irregular Warfare: (1) a focus on larger, combat oriented and collectively operating military units versus smaller and larger, more intelligence oriented and dispersed operating units, and (2) a focus on military tasks and kinetic effects versus military and civilian tasks as well as “soft” effects. The distribution of these views can be presented as a two-dimensional space structured by the two axes. This space represents four categories of tactics, partly diverging from normative military standards for Counterinsurgency. This social space of standpoints shows different structural tendencies for background factors of social and cultural character, particularly dominant concerning military backgrounds, international mission experiences and civilian education. Compared to military standards for Counterinsurgency, the two tactical types characterized by a Regular Warfare mind-set stands out as counter-normative. Signs of creative thought on military practice and theory, as well as a still persistent Regular Warfare doxa are apparent. Power struggles might thus develop, effecting the transformation to a broadened warfare culture with an enhanced focus also on Irregular Warfare. The result does not support research results arguing for a convergence of military thought in the European transformation of Armed Forces. The main argument goes beyond tactics and suggests sociological analysis on reciprocal effects regarding strategy, operational art, tactics as well as leadership, concerning the mind-set and preferences for Regular, Irregular and Hybrid Warfare.

A human-centric service approach for architecting and reengineering global system

Production of a new system in any range is expanding dramatically and new ideas are there upon introduced, the logic stands behind the matter is the growth of application of the internet and granting web-based systems. Before producing a system and distribute to the customer, various aspects should be studied which multiple the profit of the system. The process of productizing a new system from being unprocessed idea until delivers to the final user has been unambiguous. In this thesis, the systematize service in a way that benefits both the customer and provider, along with an effort to establish trust and diminish customer’s risk and increase service productivity are in detail presented. Characteristics of Servitization and Productization as two faces of one coin have been interpreted. Apart from the abovementioned issues state of art, service-oriented architecture (SOA) and New Service Development (NSD) has been included in this report for solving the problem of gradually decline in value of companies.