Gigue aus Triosonate C-dur, BWV 1037

Soitinnus: huilut (2), continuo (cembalo, viola da gamba).

Educating Pulp and Paper Engineers for the Global Forest Industry

Vol.23, No. 5, pp. 1024-1037, 2007.

Sliding Mode Control for Switched Mode Power Supplies

Control applications of switched mode power supplies have been widely investigated. The main objective ofresearch and development (R&D) in this field is always to find the most suitable control method to be implemented in various DC/DC converter topologies. Inother words, the goal is to select a control method capable of improving the efficiency of the converter, reducing the effect of disturbances (line and load variation), lessening the effect of EMI (electro magnetic interference), and beingless effected by component variation. The main objective of this research work is to study different control methods implemented in switched mode power supplies namely (PID control, hysteresis control, adaptive control, current programmed control, variable structure control (VSC), and sliding mode control (SMC). The advantages and drawbacks of each control method are given. Two control methods, the PID and the SMC are selected and their effects on DC/DC (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) converters are examined. Matlab/SimulinkTM is used to implement PID control method in DC/DC Buck converter and SMC in DC/DC (Buck, and Buck Boost) converters. For the prototype, operational amplifiers (op-amps) are used to implement PID control in DC/DC Buck converter. For SMC op-amps are implemented in DC/DC Buck converter and dSPACETM is used to control the DC/DC Buck-Boost converter. The SMC can be applied to the DC/DC (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) converters. A comparison of the effects of the PID control and the SMC on the DC/DC Buck converter response in steady state, under line variations, load variations, and different component variations is performed. Also the Conducted RF-Emissions between the PID and SMC DC/DC Buck Converter are compared. The thesis shows that, in comparison with the PID control, the SMC provides better steady-state response, better dynamic response, less EMI, inherent order reduction, robustness against system uncertainty disturbances, and an implicit stability proof. Giving a better steady-state and dynamic response, the SMC is implemented in a DC/DC resonant converter. The half-wave zero current switching (HWZCS) DC/DC Buck converter is selected as a converter topology. A general guideline to select the tank component values, needed for the designing of a HWZCS DC/DC Buck, is obtained. The implementation of the SMC to a HWZCS DC/DC Buck converter is analysed. The converter response is investigated in the steady-state region and in the dynamic region.

De principiis juris naturae

Dedicatio: Reinh. Hoolmberg [ruots. pr.].

Om förmon af kopp-ympningens widtagande i Finland

Invocatio: I.G.N.

Pitäjät

Soitinnus: melodia.

Management of interdependency in project portfolio

Project management has evolved in recent decades. Project portfolio management, together with multi project management, is an emerging area in the project management field in practice, and correspondingly in academic research and forums. In multi project management, projects cannot be handled isolated from each other, as they often have interdependencies that have to be taken into account. If the interdependencies between projects are evaluated during the selection process, the success rate of the project portfolio is increased. Interdependencies can be human resources, technological, and/or market based. Despite of the fact that interdependency as a phenomenon has roots in the 1960s and is related to famous management theories, it has not been much studied, although in practice most companies use it to great extent. There exists some research on interdependency, but prior publications have not emphasized the phenomenon per se, because a practical orientation practitioner techniques prevails in the literature. This research applies the method triangulation, electronic surveys and multiple case study. The research concentrates on small to large companies in Estonia and Finland, mainly in construction, engineering, ICT, and machinery industries. The literature review reveals that interdependencies are deeply involved in R&D and innovation. Survey analysis shows that companies are aware of interdependency issues in general, but they i have lack of detailed knowledge to use it thoroughly. Empirical evidence also indicates that interdependency techniques influence the success rate and other efficiency aspects to different extents. There are a lot of similarities in interdependency related managerial issues in companies of varying sizes and countries in Northern Europe. Differences found in the study are for instance the fact that smaller companies face more difficulties in implementing and evaluating interdependency procedures. Country differences between Estonia and Finland stem from working solutions to manage interdependencies on a daily basis.historical and cultural reasons, such as the special features of a transition country compared to a mature country. An overview of the dominant problems, best practices, and commonly used techniques associated with interdependency is provided in the study. Empirical findings show that many interdependency techniques are not used in practice. A multiple case study was performed in the study to find out how interdependencies are managed in real life on a daily basis. The results show that interdependencies are mostly managed in an informal manner. A description of managing the interdependencies and implementation procedures is given. Interdependency procedures are hard to implement, especially in smaller companies. Companies have difficulties in implementing interdependency procedures and evaluating them. The study contains detailed results on how companies have implemented working solutions to manage interdependencies on a daily basis

Airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea and partial upper airway obstruction during sleep

This study analyzed the feasibility and efficacy of surgical therapies in patients with sleep-disordered breathing ranging from partial upper airway obstruction during sleep to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The surgical procedures evaluated were tracheostomy, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LUPP) and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with laser or ultrasound scalpel. Obstructive sleep apnea and partial upper airway obstruction during sleep were measured with the static charge-sensitive bed (SCSB) and pulse oximeter. The patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were treated with tracheostomy. Palatal surgery was performed only if the upper airway narrowing occurred exclusively at the soft palate level in patients with partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. The ultrasound scalpel technique was compared to laser-assisted UPPP. The efficacy of LUPP to reduce partial upper airway obstruction during sleep was assessed and histology of uvulopalatal specimen was compared to body fat distributional parameters and sleep study findings. Tracheostomy was effective therapy in severe obstructive sleep apnea. Partial upper airway obstruction and arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation index during sleep decreased significantly after LUPP. The minimal retropalatal airway dimension increased and soft palate collapsibility decreased at the level where the velopharyngeal obstruction had occurred before the surgery. Ultrasound scalpel did not offer any significant benefits over the laser-assisted technique, except fewer postoperative haemorrhage events. The loose connective tissue as a manifestation of edema was the only histological finding showing correlation with partial upper airway obstruction parameters of SCSB. Tracheostomy remains a life-saving therapy and also long-term option when adherence to CPAP fails in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. LUPP effectively reduces partial upper airway obstruction during sleep provided that obstruction at the other levels than the soft palate and uvula were preoperatively excluded. Technically the ultrasound scalpel or laser surgeries are equal. In patients with partial upper airway obstruction the loose connective tissue is more important than fat accumulation in the soft palate. This supports the hypothesis that edema is a primary trigger for aggravation of upper airway narrowing during sleep at the soft palate level and evolution towards partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep.

Identification of novel regulators for tumor progression in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequent solid tumor among women and the leading cause of cancer related death in women worldwide. The prognosis of breast cancer patients is tightly correlated with the degree of spread beyond the primary tumor. In this thesis, the aim was to identify novel regulators of tumor progression in breast cancer as well as to get insights into the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression and metastasis. First, the role of phospholipid remodeling genes and enzymes important for breast cancer progression was studied in breast cancer samples as well as in cultured breast cancer cells. Tumor samples displayed increased de novo synthesized fatty acids especially in aggressive breast cancer. Furthermore, RNAi mediated cell based assays implicated several target genes critical for breast cancer cell proliferation and survival. Second, the role of arachidonic acid pathway members 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) and phospholipase A2 group VII (PLA2G7) in tumorigenesis associated processes was explored in metastatic breast cancer cells. Both targets were found to contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition related processes. Third, a high-throughput RNAi lysate microarray screen was utilized to identify novel vimentin expression regulating genes. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) was found to promote cellular features connected with metastatic disease, thus implicating MTHFD2 as a potential drug target to block breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Taken together, this study identified several putative targets for breast cancer therapy. In addition, these results provide novel information about the mechanisms and factors underlying breast cancer progression.

Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen alueellinen hirvieläinvaaraselvitys

Uudenmaan elinkeino-, liikenne ja ympäristökeskuksen alueelle tehdyn hirvieläinvaara-alueita koskevan selvityksen tavoitteena on ollut päivittää ja yhtenäistää koko Uudenmaan ELY-alueen (Uusimaa, Kanta- ja Päijät-Häme) hirvieläinvaara-alueiden merkinnät sekä muiden hirvieläinonnettomuuksia estävien toimenpiteiden periaatteet, kuten riista-aitojen rakentaminen, teiden suoja-alueiden raivaukset sekä mahdollisten vihersiltojen rakentaminen. Menetelminä käytettiin uutta tutkimustietoa hirvieläinkannoista ja hirvieläinonnettomuuksista sekä paikkatietotekniikan analyysimenetelmiä. Työssä selvitettiin, onko hirvieläinonnettomuuskeskittymissä tapahtunut vuosien 2007–2011 aikana muutoksia ja mistä muutokset johtuvat. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää onnettomuuksien torjuntakeinojen vaikutuksia ja merkitystä vertaamalla toteutuneiden toimenpiteiden vaikutuksia nykytilanteeseen. Selvitysten tulosten perusteella hirvieläimiä-varoitusmerkkien osoittamia alueita täsmennettiin ja varoitusmerkkialueet kohdistettiin todellisiin riskikohteisiin. Työssä on lisäksi on esitetty priorisointi kohdentaen myös muut keskeiset onnettomuuksia ehkäisevät toimenpiteet. Tässä selvityksessä määritettiin nykyisen Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen alueelle hirvieläinvaara-alueita yhteensä 439 kilometriä, mikä käsittää noin 5 % Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen alueen maanteiden kokonaispituudesta. Näillä varoitusalueilla oli tapahtunut vuosina 2007–2011 yhteensä 2 770 hirvieläinonnettomuutta, mikä on 40 % kaikista ELY-keskuksen alueella tapahtuneista 6 928 hirvieläinonnettomuudesta. Kaurisonnettomuudet ovat nykyisin viisi kertaa yleisempiä kuin hirvionnettomuudet. Selvityksessä määritetyt hirvieläinvaara-alueet keskittyvät pääteille, joilla on vilkas liikenne ja joiden alueilla on tapahtunut toistuvasti hirvieläinonnettomuuksia. Lisäksi erityisesti Länsi-Uudenmaan ja Kanta-Hämeen alueilla tapahtuneet kaurisonnettomuudet ovat lisänneet tarvetta lisätä hirvieläinvaara-alueita. Uudelleen kohdennettavien hirvieläinvaara-alueiden toteutukset on esitetty selvityksessä priorisoidusti. Kohteiden priorisoinnin perusteena ovat olleet alueen ympäristön osatekijät sekä onnettomuustihentymät, liikenneturvallisuus ja liikenteen ominaisuudet. Kiireellisesti toteutettavia kohteita on 27, seuraavan viiden vuoden kuluessa toteutettavia kohteita on 71 ja myöhemmin toteutettavia (ei kiireellisiä) kohteita on 88. Muina toimenpiteinä hirvieläinonnettomuuksien torjuntaan esitetään riista-aidan rakentamista kuuteen kohteeseen 66 kilometrin matkalle ja pääteiden tienvarsien suoja-alueiden pienpuuston raivauksia näkyvyyden parantamiseksi noin 50 kilometrin matkalla. Esitettyjen toimenpiteiden vaikutukset henkilövahinko-onnettomuuksien vähenemiseen ovat riista-aitojen osalta 0,52 hvjo/v ja teiden suoja-alueiden puuston näkemäraivausten osalta 0,153 hvjo/v.

Power semiconductor nonlinearities in active du/dt output filtering

This doctoral thesis introduces an improved control principle for active du/dt output filtering in variable-speed AC drives, together with performance comparisons with previous filtering methods. The effects of power semiconductor nonlinearities on the output filtering performance are investigated. The nonlinearities include the timing deviation and the voltage pulse waveform distortion in the variable-speed AC drive output bridge. Active du/dt output filtering (ADUDT) is a method to mitigate motor overvoltages in variable-speed AC drives with long motor cables. It is a quite recent addition to the du/dt reduction methods available. This thesis improves on the existing control method for the filter, and concentrates on the lowvoltage (below 1 kV AC) two-level voltage-source inverter implementation of the method. The ADUDT uses narrow voltage pulses having a duration in the order of a microsecond from an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) inverter to control the output voltage of a tuned LC filter circuit. The filter output voltage has thus increased slope transition times at the rising and falling edges, with an opportunity of no overshoot. The effect of the longer slope transition times is a reduction in the du/dt of the voltage fed to the motor cable. Lower du/dt values result in a reduction in the overvoltage effects on the motor terminals. Compared with traditional output filtering methods to accomplish this task, the active du/dt filtering provides lower inductance values and a smaller physical size of the filter itself. The filter circuit weight can also be reduced. However, the power semiconductor nonlinearities skew the filter control pulse pattern, resulting in control deviation. This deviation introduces unwanted overshoot and resonance in the filter. The controlmethod proposed in this thesis is able to directly compensate for the dead time-induced zero-current clamping (ZCC) effect in the pulse pattern. It gives more flexibility to the pattern structure, which could help in the timing deviation compensation design. Previous studies have shown that when a motor load current flows in the filter circuit and the inverter, the phase leg blanking times distort the voltage pulse sequence fed to the filter input. These blanking times are caused by excessively large dead time values between the IGBT control pulses. Moreover, the various switching timing distortions, present in realworld electronics when operating with a microsecond timescale, bring additional skew to the control. Left uncompensated, this results in distortion of the filter input voltage and a filter self-induced overvoltage in the form of an overshoot. This overshoot adds to the voltage appearing at the motor terminals, thus increasing the transient voltage amplitude at the motor. This doctoral thesis investigates the magnitude of such timing deviation effects. If the motor load current is left uncompensated in the control, the filter output voltage can overshoot up to double the input voltage amplitude. IGBT nonlinearities were observed to cause a smaller overshoot, in the order of 30%. This thesis introduces an improved ADUDT control method that is able to compensate for phase leg blanking times, giving flexibility to the pulse pattern structure and dead times. The control method is still sensitive to timing deviations, and their effect is investigated. A simple approach of using a fixed delay compensation value was tried in the test setup measurements. The ADUDT method with the new control algorithm was found to work in an actual motor drive application. Judging by the simulation results, with the delay compensation, the method should ultimately enable an output voltage performance and a du/dt reduction that are free from residual overshoot effects. The proposed control algorithm is not strictly required for successful ADUDT operation: It is possible to precalculate the pulse patterns by iteration and then for instance store them into a look-up table inside the control electronics. Rather, the newly developed control method is a mathematical tool for solving the ADUDT control pulses. It does not contain the timing deviation compensation (from the logic-level command to the phase leg output voltage), and as such is not able to remove the timing deviation effects that cause error and overshoot in the filter. When the timing deviation compensation has to be tuned-in in the control pattern, the precalculated iteration method could prove simpler and equally good (or even better) compared with the mathematical solution with a separate timing compensation module. One of the key findings in this thesis is the conclusion that the correctness of the pulse pattern structure, in the sense of ZCC and predicted pulse timings, cannot be separated from the timing deviations. The usefulness of the correctly calculated pattern is reduced by the voltage edge timing errors. The doctoral thesis provides an introductory background chapter on variable-speed AC drives and the problem of motor overvoltages and takes a look at traditional solutions for overvoltage mitigation. Previous results related to the active du/dt filtering are discussed. The basic operation principle and design of the filter have been studied previously. The effect of load current in the filter and the basic idea of compensation have been presented in the past. However, there was no direct way of including the dead time in the control (except for solving the pulse pattern manually by iteration), and the magnitude of nonlinearity effects had not been investigated. The enhanced control principle with the dead time handling capability and a case study of the test setup timing deviations are the main contributions of this doctoral thesis. The simulation and experimental setup results show that the proposed control method can be used in an actual drive. Loss measurements and a comparison of active du/dt output filtering with traditional output filtering methods are also presented in the work. Two different ADUDT filter designs are included, with ferrite core and air core inductors. Other filters included in the tests were a passive du/dtfilter and a passive sine filter. The loss measurements incorporated a silicon carbide diode-equipped IGBT module, and the results show lower losses with these new device technologies. The new control principle was measured in a 43 A load current motor drive system and was able to bring the filter output peak voltage from 980 V (the previous control principle) down to 680 V in a 540 V average DC link voltage variable-speed drive. A 200 m motor cable was used, and the filter losses for the active du/dt methods were 111W–126 W versus 184 W for the passive du/dt. In terms of inverter and filter losses, the active du/dt filtering method had a 1.82-fold increase in losses compared with an all-passive traditional du/dt output filter. The filter mass with the active du/dt method was 17% (2.4 kg, air-core inductors) compared with 14 kg of the passive du/dt method filter. Silicon carbide freewheeling diodes were found to reduce the inverter losses in the active du/dt filtering by 18% compared with the same IGBT module with silicon diodes. For a 200 m cable length, the average peak voltage at the motor terminals was 1050 V with no filter, 960 V for the all-passive du/dt filter, and 700 V for the active du/dt filtering applying the new control principle.

Storskarven Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis vid den österbottniska kusten

Den snabba tillväxten av häckande storskarv (underarten Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) i Finland och även i Österbotten har orsakat konflikter för fiske och rekreation, speciellt i de områden där skarven häckar. År 2014 häckade drygt 20 000 par Storskarvar i Finland och knappt 10 % av dessa, eller 1 980 par i Österbotten. Storskarven hör till de fredade fågelarterna. Det är möjligt att ansöka om undantag från fredningen, om den fredade arten anses orsaka allvarlig skada. Regler som styr förvaltningen av skarv bygger på EU:s fågeldirektiv och nationell lagstiftning samt vägledningsdokument för hur dessa bör tolkas vid handläggning om undantag från fred-ning. I områden där skarvkolonierna vuxit sig stora har lokala intressenter för fiske och markägo ansökt om undantag från fridlysning enligt NvL 39 §. Enligt besvär som inlämnats mot besluten om undantag från fridlysning samt prövning i högre rättsinstans, har sådan allvarlig skada, som enligt fågeldirektivet möjliggör undantag, inte kunnat påvisas. ERUF-projektet ”Storskarven vid den österbottniska kusten” möjliggjorde en omfattande inventering av skarvbeståndet och dess ungpro-duktion, samt en utredning om skarvens inverkan på fisket med hjälp av enkäter och fångststatistik. För att komplettera utredningarna och kunskapsunderlaget inbjöds även sakkunniga att föreläsa för styrgruppen för projektet. En bättre växelverkan och kommunikation mellan olika intressegrupper har uppnåtts i och med projektet. Projektet har medgett en öppen dialog mellan representanter för lokala intresseföreningar och tjänstemän för myndigheterna. Trots olika värderingar och åsikter har de olika intressenterna en gemensam kunskapsbas att utgå ifrån. I rapporten konstateras att det i nuläget saknas sådana kriterier som enligt nuvarande lagstiftning skulle medge en reglering av skarvbeståndet vid den Österbottniska kusten. De skador som rapporterats på fisket skulle kräva bättre dokumentation och tilläggsutredningar, alternativt borde kriterierna i lagstiftningen omformuleras. Under projektets gång har det också framkommit att skarven inte enbart anses påverka fisket utan att acceptansen av skarvens närvaro också har en social di-mension. I rapporten har sammanställts en vision om ett skarvbestånd med möjligast små skade-effekter. Biologiska faktorer som styr beståndets tillväxt samt metoder för att förhindra skador på fisket presenteras. Styrgruppen har även sammanställt förslag på åtgärder på regional, nationell och EU nivå.