3 resultados para Apoptosis

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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The aim of this study was to investigate herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)- and measles virus (MV)-induced cell death. HSV-1 with deletion in genes encoding infected cell protein (ICP)4 and protein kinase Us3 (d120) induced apoptosis and cathepsin activation in epithelial (HEp-2) and monocytic (U937) cells. Inhibition of cathepsin activity decreased the amount of d120-induced apoptosis indicating that d120-induced apoptosis could be cathepsin-mediated. Also, HSV-1 infection increased caspase activation suggesting that d120-induced apoptosis is probably caspase-mediated. Cystatin treatment decreased the activity of cathepsins and the replication of HSV-1 indicating that cathepsins contribute to HSV-1 infection. Interestingly, d120 induced also necroptosis in monocytic cells. This is the first report on necroptosis in HSV-1- infected cells. MV induced apoptosis in uninfected bystander T lymphocytes, probably via interaction of MV-infected monocytes with uninfected lymphocytes. The expression of death receptor Fas was clearly increased on the surface of lymphocytes. The number of apoptotic cells and the activation of cathepsins and caspases were increased in MVinfected U937 cells suggesting that MV-induced apoptosis could be cathepsin- and caspase-mediated. Cystatin treatment inhibited cathepsin activities but not MV-induced apoptosis. Besides HSV-1-induced apoptosis, innate immune responses were studied in HSV-1-infection. HSV-1 viruses with either ICP4 and Us3, or Us3 deletion only, increased the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 and stimulated its downstream pathways leading to increased expression of type I interferon gene and to functional interferons. These findings suggest that besides controlling apoptosis, HSV-1 ICP4 and Us3 genes are involved in the control of TLR3 response in infected cell.

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Stressignaler avkänns mÃ¥nga gÃ¥nger av membranbundna proteiner som Ãversätter signalerna till kemisk modifiering av molekyler, ofta proteinkinaser Dessa kinaser ÃverfÃr de avkodade budskapen till specifika transkriptionsfaktorer genom en kaskad av sekventiella fosforyleringshändelser, transkriptionsfaktorerna aktiverar i sin tur de gener som behÃvs fÃr att reagera pÃ¥ stressen. En av de mest kända mÃ¥ltavlorna fÃr stressignaler är transkriptionsfaktor AP-1 familjemedlemen c-Jun. I denna studie har jag identifierat den nukleolära proteinet AATF som en ny regulator av c-Jun-medierad transkriptionsaktivitet. Jag visar att stresstimuli inducerar omlokalisering av AATF vilket i sin tur leder till aktivering av c-Jun. Den AATF-medierad Ãkningen av c-Jun-aktiviteten leder till en betydande Ãkning av programmerad celldÃd. Parallellt har jag vidarekarakteriserat Cdk5/p35 signaleringskomplexet som tidigare har identifierats i vÃ¥rt laboratorium som en viktig faktor fÃr myoblastdifferentiering. Jag identifierade den atypiska PKCξ som en uppstrÃms regulator av Cdk5/p35-komplexet och visar att klyvning och aktivering av Cdk5 regulatorn p35 är av fysiologisk betydelse fÃr differentieringsprocessen och beroende av PKCξ aktivitet. Jag visar att vid induktion av differentiering fosforylerar PKCξ p35 vilket leder till calpain-medierad klyvning av p35 och därmed Ãkning av Cdk5-aktiviteten. Denna avhandling Ãkar fÃrstÃ¥elsen fÃr de regulatoriska mekanismer som styr c-Jun-transkriptionsaktiviteten och c-Jun beroende apoptos genom att identifiera AATF som en viktig faktor. Dessutom ger detta arbete nya insikter om funktionen av Cdk5/p35-komplexet under myoblastdifferentiering och identifierar PKCξ som en uppstrÃms regulator av Cdk5 aktivitet och myoblast differentiering.