Individual tree measurements by means of digital aerial photogrammetry

University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Resource Management

Potential of kite aerial photography for peatland investigations with examples from Estonia

Tiivistelmä: Leijailmakuvausmenetelmän käyttömahdollisuudet soiden kartoituksessa - esimerkkejä Viron soilta

Patterns in Estonian bogs as depicted in color kite aerial photographs

Tiivistelmä: Viron soiden pinnanmuodot värillisten leijailmakuvien valossa

Calculation of wood volume and stem taper using terrestrial single-image close-range photogrammetry and contemporary software tools

Abstract

Change detection in boreal forests using bi-temporal aerial photographs

[Abstract]

Effect of data acquisition accuracy on timing of stand harvests and expected net present value

Abstract

Geometrically accurate time series of archived aerial images and airborne lidar data in a forest environment

Abstract

Landsat TM imagery and high altitude aerial photographs in estimation of forest characteristics

Abstract

Remote sensing for three-dimensional modelling of hydromorphology

Successful management of rivers requires an understanding of the fluvial processes that govern them. This, in turn cannot be achieved without a means of quantifying their geomorphology and hydrology and the spatio-temporal interactions between them, that is, their hydromorphology. For a long time, it has been laborious and time-consuming to measure river topography, especially in the submerged part of the channel. The measurement of the flow field has been challenging as well, and hence, such measurements have long been sparse in natural environments. Technological advancements in the field of remote sensing in the recent years have opened up new possibilities for capturing synoptic information on river environments. This thesis presents new developments in fluvial remote sensing of both topography and water flow. A set of close-range remote sensing methods is employed to eventually construct a high-resolution unified empirical hydromorphological model, that is, river channel and floodplain topography and three-dimensional areal flow field. Empirical as well as hydraulic theory-based optical remote sensing methods are tested and evaluated using normal colour aerial photographs and sonar calibration and reference measurements on a rocky-bed sub-Arctic river. The empirical optical bathymetry model is developed further by the introduction of a deep-water radiance parameter estimation algorithm that extends the field of application of the model to shallow streams. The effect of this parameter on the model is also assessed in a study of a sandy-bed sub-Arctic river using close-range high-resolution aerial photography, presenting one of the first examples of fluvial bathymetry modelling from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Further close-range remote sensing methods are added to complete the topography integrating the river bed with the floodplain to create a seamless high-resolution topography. Boat- cart- and backpack-based mobile laser scanning (MLS) are used to measure the topography of the dry part of the channel at a high resolution and accuracy. Multitemporal MLS is evaluated along with UAV-based photogrammetry against terrestrial laser scanning reference data and merged with UAV-based bathymetry to create a two-year series of seamless digital terrain models. These allow the evaluation of the methodology for conducting high-resolution change analysis of the entire channel. The remote sensing based model of hydromorphology is completed by a new methodology for mapping the flow field in 3D. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is deployed on a remote-controlled boat with a survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, allowing the positioning of the areally sampled 3D flow vectors in 3D space as a point cloud and its interpolation into a 3D matrix allows a quantitative volumetric flow analysis. Multitemporal areal 3D flow field data show the evolution of the flow field during a snow-melt flood event. The combination of the underwater and dry topography with the flow field yields a compete model of river hydromorphology at the reach scale.

Optinen kolmiulotteinen mittaus ohutlevytuotteiden laadunvalvonnassa

Ohutlevyteollisuuden markkinatilanne on muuttunut, kun tuotantomäärät ovat kasvaneet, laatuvaatimukset tiukentuneet ja markkinat globalisoituneet. Konenäön avulla on mahdollista tehostaa laadunvalvontaa, jolloin virheet voidaan havaita nopeammin ja siten säästää tuotantokustannuksissa. Muotoiltujen ohutlevyosien tarkastamiseksi tarvitaan kolmiulotteisia mittausmenetelmiä, joilla pystytään varsin nopeasti ja tarkasti analysoimaan kappaleita. Erityisesti fotogrammetriaan perustuvaa rakenteista valoa on sovellettu erilaisissa mittalaitteissa, ja menetelmä on myös varsin joustava sekä edullinen käyttää. Fotogrammetriaan ja rakenteiseen valoon perustuvista mittalaitteista valittiin arvioitavaksi Mapvision 4D. Testeissä tutkittiin laitteen tarkkuutta, nopeutta ja soveltuvuutta teollisuusympäristöön sekä erityisesti taivutuskulmien, reikien halkaisijoidenja etäisyyksien mittaamista. Sovittamalla mitattu data CAD-malliin pystytään kappaleen mitoitus tarkastamaan vaaditulla 0,1 millimetrin tarkkuudella. Testitulosten perusteella voidaan todeta sekä mittalaitteen että mittausmenetelmän soveltuvan ohutlevykappaleiden laadunvalvontaan, kunhan reunojen määrityksessä esiintyvä säännöllinen epätarkkuus otetaan huomioon.