Toimittaja Viljo Mäkipuro 1/11 1974

Kirje 1.11.1974

Competitor Information andCompetitive Knowledge Management in a Large Industrial Organization

Thisthesis supplements the systematic approach to competitive intelligence and competitor analysis by introducing an information-processing perspective on management of the competitive environment and competitors therein. The cognitive questions connected to the intelligence process and also the means that organizational actors use in sharing information are discussed. The ultimate aim has been to deepen knowledge of the different intraorganizational processes that are used in acorporate organization to manage and exploit the vast amount of competitor information that is received from the environment. Competitor information and competitive knowledge management is examined as a process, where organizational actorsidentify and perceive the competitive environment by using cognitive simplification, make interpretations resulting in learning and finally utilize competitor information and competitive knowledge in their work processes. The sharing of competitive information and competitive knowledge is facilitated by intraorganizational networks that evolve as a means of developing a shared, organizational level knowledge structure and ensuring that the right information is in the right place at the right time. This thesis approaches competitor information and competitive knowledge management both theoretically and empirically. Based on the conceptual framework developed by theoretical elaboration, further understanding of the studied phenomena is sought by an empirical study. The empirical research was carried out in a multinationally operating forest industry company. This thesis makes some preliminary suggestions of improving the competitive intelligence process. It is concluded that managing competitor information and competitive knowledge is not simply a question of managing information flow or improving sophistication of competitor analysis, but the crucial question to be solved is rather, how to improve the cognitive capabilities connected to identifying and making interpretations of the competitive environment and how to increase learning. It is claimed that competitive intelligence can not be treated like an organizational function or assigned solely to a specialized intelligence unit.

Thyroid function in the elderly and sex hormones in elderly men: reference intervals and associations with health

Aims: The aims were to create clinically feasible reference intervals for thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) and to analyze associations between thyroid function and self-rated health, neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression and dementia in the elderly. The second aim was also to establish reference intervals for sex hormones and to analyze associations between sex hormone levels and self-rated health, symptoms, depression and dementia in elderly men. Subjects and methods: The study population comprised 1252 subjects aged 65 years or over, living in the municipality of Lieto, south-western Finland. Self-rated health, life satisfaction, symptoms, depression, and dementia were assessed with specific questions, clinical examination and tools such as the Zung Self-report Depression Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Independent variables were dichotomized, and associations of these variables with TSH, FT4 or sex hormone levels were assessed. Levels of TSH and FT4 in thyroid disease–free women and women treated with thyroxine were also compared. Results: Elevated concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) or thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were found to have a marked effect on the upper reference limit for TSH among women, who were thyroid antibody positive more higher than suggested in several recent guidelines. After age adjustment, there were no associations between TSH levels and self-rated health, life satisfaction, or most neuropsychiatric symptoms in the thyroid disease-free population. Although women with thyroxine treatment for primary hypothyroidism had far higher TSH levels than thyroid disease-free women, there were no differences between thyroid-disease free women and women with stable thyroxine treatment regarding self-rated health, life satisfaction or symptoms. Age had a significant positive association with luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle 2 practice, one range in men aged 65 years or over can be used for T, E2 and FSH measured with the AutoDelfia method, but two separate reference intervals should be used for fT, LH and SHBG. After adjustment for age, higher levels of T and fT were associated with better self-rated health (SRH) in the reference population. After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI), there were no associations between sex hormone concentrations and self-rated health, life satisfaction or most symptoms in concentration. Conclusion: Age-specific reference intervals were derived for thyroid function and sex hormones based on comprehensive data from a community-dwelling population with a high participation rate. The results do not support the need to decrease the upper reference limit for TSH or to lower the optimal TSH target in levothyroxine treatment in older adults, as recommended in recent guidelines. Older age or being overweight symptoms among elderly men. The associations of single symptoms with T levels were inconsistent among elderly men, although the association of low T level with diagnosed depression might be clinically significant.

Domus a Deo Israëlitis factae

Invocatio: [kreikkaa].

Tule surma

Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

Metabolic syndrome – early cardio-metabolic, vascular and hepatic changes

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of several cardio-metabolic risk factors including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. MetS has been associated with increased levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and low-density lipoprotein oxidation (OxLDL) and with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aims: To establish the relation of apoB and OxLDL with the MetS development and to determine the status of MetS as a risk factor for adverse liver changes and for subclinical atherosclerosis. Subjects and Methods: The present thesis is part of the two large scale population-based, prospective, observational studies. Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study was launched in 1980 including 3,596 subjects aged 3-18 years. Thereafter follow-up studies have been conducted regularly. In the latest follow-ups that were performed in 2001 (N=2,283) and 2007 (N=2,204), non-invasive ultrasound studies were introduced to the study protocol to measure subclinical atherosclerosis i.e. carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid artery distensibility (Cdist) and brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured in 2007 to assess liver function. The Bogalusa Heart Study is a long-term epidemiologic study of cardiovascular risk factors launched in 1972 in a biracial community of Bogalusa, Louisiana, USA. Total of 374 youths (aged 9-18 years at baseline in 1984-88) who underwent non-invasive ultrasound studies of the carotid artery as adults, were included in the analyses of the present thesis. Results: The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for MetS incidence during a 6-year follow-up by quartiles of apoB were 2.0(1.0-3.8) for the second quartile, 3.1(1.7-5.7) for the third quartile and 4.2(2.3-7.6) for the fourth quartile. OxLDL was not independently associated with incident MetS. Youth (aged 9-18 years) with MetS or with high body mass index were at 2-3 times the risk of having MetS, high IMT, and type 2 diabetes 24-years later as adults. IMT increased 79±7μm (mean±SEM) in subjects with MetS and 42±2μm in subjects without the MetS (P<0.0001) during 6- years. Subjects who lost the MetS diagnosis during 6-year follow-up had reduced IMT progression compared to persistent MetS group (0.036±0.005vs.0.079±0.010 mm, P=0.001) and reduced Cdist change compared to incident MetS group (-0.12±0.05vs.-0.38±0.10 %/mmHg, P=0.03) over 6-year follow-up. MetS predicted elevated ALT (β±SEM=0.380±0.052, P<0.0001 in men and 0.160±0.052, P=0.002 in women) and GGT (β±SEM=0.240±0.058, P<0.0001 in men and 0.262±0.053, P<0.0001 in women) levels after 6-years. Conclusions: These findings suggest that apoB may give additional information on early metabolic disturbances predisposing MetS. MetS may be used to identify individuals at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic liver disease. However, recovery from the MetS may have positive effects on liver and vascular properties.

Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+

Varsinais-Suomen aikuiskoulutusstrategiassa 2009–2015 sovittiin, että strategian välitarkastelu suoritetaan vuoden 2012 aikana. Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen hallinnoiman Koulutusta ja yhteistyötä Varsinais-Suomeen –hankkeen avulla aikuiskoulutusstrategia päivitettiin ja laajennettiin Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategiaksi. Strategiatyö toteutettiin kymmenen teemaryhmien avulla ohjausryhmän koordinoimana ja Varsinais-Suomen MYR:n koulutusjaoston valvonnassa. Strategisesti tärkeimmiksi kehittämisen kohteiksi Varsinais-Suomessa valittiin ennakointi, hanketoiminta sekä koulutuksen työelämä- ja yritysyhteistyö. Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+:n painopisteet ovat osaamisen vahvistaminen, koulutuksen laadun varmistaminen sekä alueellinen ja valtakunnallinen vaikuttaminen. Painopisteet on konkretisoitu tavoitteiksi, jotka ovat (1.) alueen koulutusmahdollisuudet tunnetaan ja työllistävien alojen vetovoima kasvaa, (2.) koulutus vastaa työelämän muuttuviin tarpeisiin, (3.) koulutuspalvelut lisäävät asukkaiden hyvinvointia ja elämänhallintaa, (4.) koulutus- ja ohjauspalvelut ovat asiakaslähtöisiä, (5.) elinikäinen oppiminen on kaikille mahdollista, (6.) opettajuutta ja ohjausta kehitetään yhdessä (7.) uusia oppimis- ja ohjausympäristöjä kehitetään ja otetaan käyttöön, (8.) oppilaitokset ja yritykset tekevät pitkäjänteistä, strategista ennakointiyhteistyötä, (9.) oppilaitokset profiloituvat ja parantavat keskinäistä työnjakoa, (10.) oppilaitokset toimivat monialaisissa verkostoissa, sekä (11.) osaamisen ja verkostojen johtamista kehitetään, vaikutetaan oppilaitoskulttuuriin. Kaikki tavoitteet on strategiassa purettu käytännön toimenpiteiksi ja vastuutettu maakunnan toimijoille.

Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+

Varsinais-Suomen aikuiskoulutusstrategiassa 2009–2015 sovittiin, että strategian välitarkastelu suoritetaan vuoden 2012 aikana. Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen hallinnoiman Koulutusta ja yhteistyötä Varsinais-Suomeen –hankkeen avulla aikuiskoulutusstrategia päivitettiin ja laajennettiin Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategiaksi. Strategiatyö toteutettiin kymmenen teemaryhmien avulla ohjausryhmän koordinoimana ja Varsinais-Suomen MYR:n koulutusjaoston valvonnassa. Strategisesti tärkeimmiksi kehittämisen kohteiksi Varsinais-Suomessa valittiin ennakointi, hanketoiminta sekä koulutuksen työelämä- ja yritysyhteistyö. Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+:n painopisteet ovat osaamisen vahvistaminen, koulutuksen laadun varmistaminen sekä alueellinen ja valtakunnallinen vaikuttaminen. Painopisteet on konkretisoitu tavoitteiksi, jotka ovat (1.) alueen koulutusmahdollisuudet tunnetaan ja työllistävien alojen vetovoima kasvaa, (2.) koulutus vastaa työelämän muuttuviin tarpeisiin, (3.) koulutuspalvelut lisäävät asukkaiden hyvinvointia ja elämänhallintaa, (4.) koulutus- ja ohjauspalvelut ovat asiakaslähtöisiä, (5.) elinikäinen oppiminen on kaikille mahdollista, (6.) opettajuutta ja ohjausta kehitetään yhdessä (7.) uusia oppimis- ja ohjausympäristöjä kehitetään ja otetaan käyttöön, (8.) oppilaitokset ja yritykset tekevät pitkäjänteistä, strategista ennakointiyhteistyötä, (9.) oppilaitokset profiloituvat ja parantavat keskinäistä työnjakoa, (10.) oppilaitokset toimivat monialaisissa verkostoissa, sekä (11.) osaamisen ja verkostojen johtamista kehitetään, vaikutetaan oppilaitoskulttuuriin. Kaikki tavoitteet on strategiassa purettu käytännön toimenpiteiksi ja vastuutettu maakunnan toimijoille.

Cost Reduction of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

Electrical machine drives are the most electrical energy-consuming systems worldwide. The largest proportion of drives is found in industrial applications. There are, however many other applications that are also based on the use of electrical machines, because they have a relatively high efficiency, a low noise level, and do not produce local pollution. Electrical machines can be classified into several categories. One of the most commonly used electrical machine types (especially in the industry) is induction motors, also known as asynchronous machines. They have a mature production process and a robust rotor construction. However, in the world pursuing higher energy efficiency with reasonable investments not every application receives the advantage of using this type of motor drives. The main drawback of induction motors is the fact that they need slipcaused and thus loss-generating current in the rotor, and additional stator current for magnetic field production along with the torque-producing current. This can reduce the electric motor drive efficiency, especially in low-speed, low-power applications. Often, when high torque density is required together with low losses, it is desirable to apply permanent magnet technology, because in this case there is no need to use current to produce the basic excitation of the machine. This promotes the effectiveness of copper use in the stator, and further, there is no rotor current in these machines. Again, if permanent magnets with a high remanent flux density are used, the air gap flux density can be higher than in conventional induction motors. These advantages have raised the popularity of PMSMs in some challenging applications, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), wind turbines, and home appliances. Usually, a correctly designed PMSM has a higher efficiency and consequently lower losses than its induction machine counterparts. Therefore, the use of these electrical machines reduces the energy consumption of the whole system to some extent, which can provide good motivation to apply permanent magnet technology to electrical machines. However, the cost of high performance rare earth permanent magnets in these machines may not be affordable in many industrial applications, because the tight competition between the manufacturers dictates the rules of low-cost and highly robust solutions, where asynchronous machines seem to be more feasible at the moment. Two main electromagnetic components of an electrical machine are the stator and the rotor. In the case of a conventional radial flux PMSM, the stator contains magnetic circuit lamination and stator winding, and the rotor consists of rotor steel (laminated or solid) and permanent magnets. The lamination itself does not significantly influence the total cost of the machine, even though it can considerably increase the construction complexity, as it requires a special assembly arrangement. However, thin metal sheet processing methods are very effective and economically feasible. Therefore, the cost of the machine is mainly affected by the stator winding and the permanent magnets. The work proposed in this doctoral dissertation comprises a description and analysis of two approaches of PMSM cost reduction: one on the rotor side and the other on the stator side. The first approach on the rotor side includes the use of low-cost and abundant ferrite magnets together with a tooth-coil winding topology and an outer rotor construction. The second approach on the stator side exploits the use of a modular stator structure instead of a monolithic one. PMSMs with the proposed structures were thoroughly analysed by finite element method based tools (FEM). It was found out that by implementing the described principles, some favourable characteristics of the machine (mainly concerning the machine size) will inevitable be compromised. However, the main target of the proposed approaches is not to compete with conventional rare earth PMSMs, but to reduce the price at which they can be implemented in industrial applications, keeping their dimensions at the same level or lower than those of a typical electrical machine used in the industry at the moment. The measurement results of the prototypes show that the main performance characteristics of these machines are at an acceptable level. It is shown that with certain specific actions it is possible to achieve a desirable efficiency level of the machine with the proposed cost reduction methods.

Från ung till vuxen i omställningens tid : en longitudinell studie av värderingar med utgångspunkt i Ingleharts teori om den tysta revolutionen

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