3 resultados para -lactamase de espectro estendido

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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Nykyään bakteerien identifikaatio- ja antibioottiherkkyysmääritykset tehdään kliinisen mikrobiologian laboratorioissa suurimmaksi osaksi manuaalisesti. Näytemäärät ovat lisääntyneet bakteriologian laboratorioissa, ja siksi diagnostiikan automatisointi on tullut tarpeelliseksi. BioMerieux on kehittänyt Vitek2-laitteen, jolla voidaan tehdä bakteerien ja sienien identifikaatio ja antibiootti-herkkyys-määrityksiä. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli verrata rutiinimenetelmien ja Vitek2laitteen identifikaatio- ja antibioottiherkkyystuloksia. Yksittäisiä vertailtavia kohteita olivat testireaktiot, ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) -ominaisuus ja määrityksiin kulunut aika. HUSLABin toimeksiannosta Vitek2-laitteella tutkittiin ESBL-kantoja sekä rutiinimenetelmillä vaikeasti tunnistettavia nonfermenta-tiivisia sauvabakteereja ja kasvuolosuhteiltaan vaativia bakteereja. Laitetta varten on kehitetty uusia testikortteja, jotka tunnistavat näitä bakteerik antoja. Aikaisemmat identifikaatio-, reaktio- ja antibioottiherkkyystulokset kerättiin HUSLABin potilastieto-järjestelmästä. Niitä verrattiin Vitek2-laitteesta saatuihin tuloksiin. Määritysten kestoa Vitek2-laitteella verrattiin aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin yhteensä 183 bakteerinäytettä, joista 76 oli ESBL-kantoja, 40 nonfermentatiivisia sauvabakteereja, 41 kasvuolosuhteiltaan vaativia bakteereja sekä 26 uusia potilasnäytelöydöksiä. Vitek2 antoi 99 prosentille kaikista tutkituista ESB--kannoista saman identifikaation kuin rutiini-menetelmät. Uusista potilasnäytelöydöksistä Vitek2 tunnisti 96 Nonfermentatiivisista sauva-baktee-reista ja kasvuolosuhteiltaan vaativista bakteereista Vitek2 tunnisti noin 70 amalla tavalla kuin rutiinimenetelmät. Vitek2-laitteen antamat identifikaatioreaktiotulokset vastasivat paremmin Api20E-testin (94 kuin Api20NE-testin (70 reaktiotuloksia. Noin 80 aikista antibiootti-herkkyys-tuloksista vastasi perinteisillä menet elmillä saatuja tuloksia. Vitek2-laitteella saadut antibiootti-herkkyystulokset olivat yleensä rutiinimenetelmiä herkempiä. Vitek2-laitteella saadut ESBL-tulokset vastasivat rutiinimenetelmillä saatuja tuloksia noin 90-prosenttisesti. Verrattuna aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin Vitek2-laitteen suorittamat määritykset olivat rutiinimenetelmiä paljon nopeampia. Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että Vitek2-laite on käyttökelpoinen bakteriologian laboratoriossa identifikaatio- ja antibioottiherkkyystutkimuksissa. Nonfermentatiivisia sauvabakteereja ja kasvuolo-suhteiltaan vaativia bakteereja voisi kuitenkin tutkia enemmän.

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Since the introduction of antibiotic agents, the amount and prevalence of Beta-lactam resistant enterobacteria has become an increasing problem. Many enterobacteria are opportunistic pathogens that easily acquire resistance mechanisms and genes, which make the situation menacing. These bacteria have acquired resistance and can hydrolyse extended spectrum cephalosporins and penicillins by producing enzymes called extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs). ESBL-producing bacteria are most commonly found in the gastro-intestinal tract of colonised patients. These resistant strains can be found in both health-care associated and community-acquired isolates. The detection and treatment of infections caused by bacteria producing ESBLs are problematic. This study investigated the genetic basis of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae, especially in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. A total of 994 Finnish Enterobacteriaceae strains, collected at 26 hospital laboratories, during 2000 and 2007 were analysed. For the genetic basis studies, PCR, sequencing and pyrosequencing methods were optimised. In addition, international standard methods, the agar dilution and disk diffusion methods were performed for the resistance studies, and the susceptibility of these strains was tested for antimicrobial agents that are used for treating patients. The genetic analysis showed that blaCTX-M was the most prevalent gene among the E. coli isolates, while blaSHV-12 was the most common Beta-lactamase gene in K. pneumoniae. The susceptibility testing results showed that about 60% of the strains were multidrug resistant. The prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates in Finland has been increasing since 2000. However, the situation in Finland is still much better than in many other European countries.

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Rapid identification and resistance determination of pathogens in clinical specimens is vital for accurate treatment and monitoring of infectious diseases. Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasing globally and healthcare settings are facing this cost-intensive and even life-threatening problem. The incidence of resistant pathogens in Finland has remained relatively steady and manageable at least for the time being. DNA sequencing is the gold standard method for genotyping, mutation analysis, and identification of bacteria. Due to significant cost decrease in recent years, this technique is available to many research and clinical laboratories. Pyrosequencing technique, a rapid real-time DNA sequencing method especially suitable for analyzing fairly short stretches of DNA, was used in this study. Due to its robustness and versatility, pyrosequencing was applied in this study for identification of streptococci and detection of certain mutations causing antimicrobial resistance in different bacteria. Certain streptococcal species such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes are significantly important clinical pathogens. S. pneumoniae causes e.g. pneumonia and otitis media and is one of the most important community-acquired pathogens. S. pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus, causes e.g. angina and erysipelas. In contrast, the socalled alpha-haemolytic streptococci, such as S. mitis and S. oralis, belong to the normal microbiota, which are regarded to be non-pathogenic and are nearly impossible to identify by phenotypic methods. In this thesis, a pyrosequencing method was developed for identification of streptococcal species based on the 16S rRNA sequences. Almost all streptococcal species could be differentiated from one another by the developed method, including S. pneumoniae from its close relatives S. mitis and S. oralis . New resistance genes and their variants are constantly discovered and reported. In this study, new methods for detecting certain mutations causing macrolide resistance or extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype were developed. These resistance detection approaches are not only suitable for surveillance of mechanisms causing antimicrobial resistance but also for routine analysis of clinical samples particularly in epidemic settings. In conclusion, pyrosequencing was found to be an accurate, versatile, cost-effective, and rapid DNA sequencing method that is especially suitable for mutation analysis of short DNA fragments and identification of certain bacteria.