[Andante festivo]

Soitinnus: jousiorkesteri.

UG2-päivitetyn Hawkin Head-Up Displayn toiminta

UG2-päivitys korvasi vanhan Hawkin mittareita nykyaikaisella Head-Up Displaylla. Tutkielmassa selvitetään kuinka UG2-päivitetyn Hawkin Head-Up Display toimii. Tämä selvitetään tutustumalla laitteen tekniseen toimintaan sekä selvittämällä mitä merkkejä ja arvoja HUD:illa esitetään eri tilanteissa. UG2-päivitys mahdollistaa jatkossa HUD:in merkkien päivittämisen helposti tietokoneen avulla, eikä laitteita tarvitse vaihtaa. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen, ja siinä tehdään deskriptiivinen tutkimus yhden laitteen toiminnasta. Tärkeimpinä lähteinä käytetään ilmavoimien omaa materiaalia koskien kyseistä päivitystä ja ohjaajan koulutukseen käytettävää Air Crew Manual (ACM) -ohjekirjaa. Ulkopuolisista lähteistä on selvitetty laitteen teknistä toimintaa ja arvojen sijoitteluun sovittuja sääntöjä ja normeja. Tutkielmassa selviää, että HUD on ensisijaisesti käytettävä näyttö, joka siirtää ohjaajan katseen ulos ohjaamosta. Tekniikka luo haasteita näyttölaitteen koolle, koska arvot heijastetaan ja tarkennetaan äärettömään, luoden ohjaajalle vain pienen kohdan, jossa arvot näkyvät. Merkkien sijainti noudattaa Basic-T -mallia, jolla analogisten mittareiden helppolukuisuus on siirretty HUD:ille. Tutkimuksen mukaan merkkien tulee myös sijaita lähellä toisiaan. Tutkielman johtopäätökset rakentuvat koneiden ja laitteiden yhteensopivuuden ympärille. HUD siirtää ohjaajan katseen ulos koneesta, joten se tuo lisää koulutusmahdollisuuksia. Poistamalla tietoja HUD:ilta lennon aikana, joutuisi ohjaaja tukeutumaan muihin arvoihin ja näköönsä, näin parantaen tilannetietoisuutta. Tämä parantaisi ohjaajan toimintaa kaikissa koneissa, varsinkin laitteiden vikatilanteissa. Lisäksi HUD:in merkit olisi sovitettava yhteen sähköisten varamittareiden, Hawkissa BFI:n kanssa, jotta siitä saataisiin ”mini-HUD”.

Simulation of the Interaction Mean Free Path between Neutrons and TRISO Particles

The interaction mean free path between neutrons and TRISO particles is simulated using scripts written in MATLAB to solve the increasing error present with an increase in the packing factor in the reactor physics code Serpent. Their movement is tracked both in an unbounded and in a bounded space. Their track is calculated, depending on the program, linearly directly using the position vectors of the neutrons and the surface equations of all the fuel particles; by dividing the space in multiple subspaces, each of which contain a fraction of the total number of particles, and choosing the particles from those subspaces through which the neutron passes through; or by choosing the particles that lie within an infinite cylinder formed on the movement axis of the neutron. The estimate from the current analytical model, based on an exponential distribution, for the mean free path, utilized by Serpent, is used as a reference result. The results from the implicit model in Serpent imply a too long mean free path with high packing factors. The received results support this observation by producing, with a packing factor of 17 %, approximately 2.46 % shorter mean free path compared to the reference model. This is supported by the packing factor experienced by the neutron, the simulation of which resulted in a 17.29 % packing factor. It was also observed that the neutrons leaving from the surfaces of the fuel particles, in contrast to those starting inside the moderator, do not follow the exponential distribution. The current model, as it is, is thus not valid in the determination of the free path lengths of the neutrons.

Structural and Computational Existence Results for Multidimensional Subshifts

Symbolic dynamics is a branch of mathematics that studies the structure of infinite sequences of symbols, or in the multidimensional case, infinite grids of symbols. Classes of such sequences and grids defined by collections of forbidden patterns are called subshifts, and subshifts of finite type are defined by finitely many forbidden patterns. The simplest examples of multidimensional subshifts are sets of Wang tilings, infinite arrangements of square tiles with colored edges, where adjacent edges must have the same color. Multidimensional symbolic dynamics has strong connections to computability theory, since most of the basic properties of subshifts cannot be recognized by computer programs, but are instead characterized by some higher-level notion of computability. This dissertation focuses on the structure of multidimensional subshifts, and the ways in which it relates to their computational properties. In the first part, we study the subpattern posets and Cantor-Bendixson ranks of countable subshifts of finite type, which can be seen as measures of their structural complexity. We show, by explicitly constructing subshifts with the desired properties, that both notions are essentially restricted only by computability conditions. In the second part of the dissertation, we study different methods of defining (classes of ) multidimensional subshifts, and how they relate to each other and existing methods. We present definitions that use monadic second-order logic, a more restricted kind of logical quantification called quantifier extension, and multi-headed finite state machines. Two of the definitions give rise to hierarchies of subshift classes, which are a priori infinite, but which we show to collapse into finitely many levels. The quantifier extension provides insight to the somewhat mysterious class of multidimensional sofic subshifts, since we prove a characterization for the class of subshifts that can extend a sofic subshift into a nonsofic one.

Näkökulmia 3D-tulostuksen opetukseen ja koulutukseen

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is globally one of most interesting area in developing of manufacturing technologies. This technology is suitable for fabrication off industrial products and it interests actors in fields of computer sciences, economics, medical sciences and design&arts. Additive manufacturing is often referred as third industrial revolution: first revolution was invention of steam engines in 18th century and second was industrial revolution started by Henry Ford in 1920s. Companies should be able to test suitability of their products for additive manufacturing and 3D printing but also how much better products could be when products are totally re-designed so that all potential of this new technology can be utilized. This is where education has its importance; new generations who enter working life should be educated to know of additive manufacturing and 3D printing, its advantages but also of it limits. There has to be also possibility to educate industry and people already working there, so that industrial implementation could be done successfully. This is especially very valid for Finland. Education is strongly needed so that Finnish industry can maintain its competence in global markets. Role of education is extremely important when a new technology is industrially implemented. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing offers freedom to design new products, production and generally ways of doing things. Development, planning and execution of education for additive manufacturing and 3D printing is challenging as this area develops very fast. New innovations are coming almost every month. Planning of education for additive manufacturing and 3D printing requires collection pieces of data from various of sources. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing industry and its development has to be followed frequently, and material for additive manufacturing and 3D printing has to be renewed frequently.

Näin opetan lisäävää valmistusta ja 3D-tulostusta: Pohdintoja uuden teknologian opetuksesta ja koulutuksesta

Additive manufacturing (shortened as AM), or more commonly 3D printing, consists of wide variety of different modern manufacturing technologies. AM is based on direct printing of a digital 3D model to a final product which is fabricated adding material layer by layer. This is from where term additive manufacturing has its origin. It is not only material what is added, but it is also value, properties etc. which are added. AM enables production of different and even better products compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. An estimation of potential of additive manufacturing can be gathered by considering the potential of laser cutting, which is one of the most widely used modern manufacturing technologies. This technique has been used over 40 years, and whole market around this technology is at the moment c. four billion euros and yearly growth is around 10 %. One factor affecting this success of laser cutting is that laser cutting enables radical improvements to products made of flat sheet. AM and 3D printing will do the same for three dimensional parts. Laser devices, which are at the moment used in 3D printing, are globally at the moment only around 1% of all laser devices used in any fabrication technology, so even with a cautious estimate the potential growth of at least 100 % is coming in next few years. Role of education is very important, when this kind of modern technology is industrially implemented. When both generation entering to work life and also generation who has been a while in work life understands new technology, its potential and limitations, this is the point when also product design can be rethought Potential of product design is driving force for wide use of additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Utilization of additive manufacturing and 3D printing is also opportunity for Finland and Finnish industry. This technology can save Finnish manufacturing industry. This technique has stron potential, as Finland has traditionally strong industrial know-how and good ICT knowledge.