Earnings management in the process of preparing corporate financial reports

Earnings management (EM) literature examines managers’ use of judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports for a specific reason. Mainstream EM literature strongly concentrates on statistical research methodologies and it is driven by positive accounting theory. Although EM occurs in the process of preparing corporate financial reports, that process has so far largely remained a “black box” in prior literature. The purpose of this study is to analyze what EM is, how and why it unfolds and how it is intertwined in the process of preparing corporate financial reports. In order to meet the needs of the study, a qualitative case study method will be used. The contribution of this study is threefold. First, it indicates that the concept of EM is not as unam-biguous as the prior literature has assumed. I find that EM is socially constructed and more open to interpretation than absolutely dichotomous conception given by previous studies. Second, this study contributes to our knowledge of the role and the importance of actors involved in conducting EM, indicating that EM is much more actor-dependent than the prior literature has assumed. Third, this study broadens our knowledge base with regard to the processes and potential for EM in academic research.

Benefits and challenges of supply chain finance business process automation : A case study in ING Bank

Supply chain finance, a financial product provided by the bank, has gained increasing attention and popularity over the last few years. Supply chain finance helps the corporate clients to optimize their financial flows along the supply chain. One characteristic of supply chain finance is that it aims to provide automated solutions. Therefore, the business process automation of supply chain finance is a very interesting and important topic for study. In this study, the business process automation of supply chain finance within the case organization, ING, is analysed. The purpose is to: (1) Identify the benefits to understand the importance to automate supply chain finance business process; (2) Find out the existing automation degree in the supply chain finance business process within the case bank to see what’s the situation now and how to improve in the future; (3) Discover the challenges in the further automation of supply chain finance business process. Firstly, the study finds out that supply chain finance business process automation can bring many benefits to the bank. Automation can improve productivity by using less time and human labour in the business process, and by providing scalable solutions. Automation can also improve quality of the service by reducing the human errors. Last but not least, automation can improve internal governance by providing enhanced visibility of the business process. Because of these potential benefits, many banks are actively seeking solutions to automate their supply chain finance business process. Then, the current automation situation with the case bank is analysed with the help of business process modelling. The supply chain finance business process within the case bank can be further divided into several sub processes: daily transaction, buyer sales and setup, supplier onboarding, contract management, customer services and supports, and contract termination. The study finds out that the daily transaction process is already a highly automated, which is carried out through the web-based trading platform. However, for other business the automation degree is relatively low. Among these business processes, supplier onboarding is most needed for further automation. Then, some solutions are also suggested to automate the supplier onboarding business process. In the end, the study also foresees some challenges during the further automation of supply chain finance business process in the case bank. Some suggestions are also given to deal with these challenges.

Pohjois-Karjala kansainvälisissä seurannoissa ja ympäristön tilatiedon tuottamisessa : Ympäristön seurantatietoa Pohjois-Karjalasta nro 3 (2012)

Ihmistoiminnasta aiheutuneet ympäristön tilan muutokset ovat viimeisten vuosikymmenien aikana voimistuneet nopeasti. Suurimpia syitä tähän ovat lisääntynyt väestömäärä ja taloudellisen sekä muun ihmistoiminnan ulottuminen käytännössä kaikkialle maapallolla. Vaikka toimitaan paikallisesti niin toiminnan vaikutukset kertautuvat ja muutokset voivat koskea laajoja alueita. Laaja-alaisten ympäristömuutosten vaikutusten arviointi edellyttääkin kansainvälistä yhteistyötä ympäristön tilan seurannassa ja seurannan toteuttamista yhdenmukaisten ohjeiden ja vertailukelpoisten menetelmien mukaisesti sekä raportointia ja yhteisiä tietojärjestelmiä seurannan tuottamasta tiedosta. Valtioiden rajat ylittävä seuranta perustuu usein kansainvälisiin sopimuksiin tai Euroopan unionin tasolla direktiiveihin, joissa määritellään erilaisia tietotarpeita. Direktiivien edellyttämät toimenpiteet sisällytetään pääsääntöisesti kansalliseen lainsäädäntöön. Tiedon kokoaminen ja seurannan järjestäminen voivat olla kansallisesti toteutettavia tai seurantatyö voidaan koota kansainvälisiksi seurantaohjelmiksi, joissa mm. seurantamenetelmät, tiedon tallennus tietokantoihin ja käsittely sekä raportointi on tarkasti määritelty. Tutkimus- ja kehittämishankkeet ovat tärkeä osa seurantoja, mm. seurantamenetelmien ja tiedon käsittelyn kehittämisessä. Ympäristön tilaan liittyvät tutkimushankkeet tuovat myös tärkeää tietoa luonnon ja ympäristön eri prosesseista ja ympäristöön kohdentuvien paineiden vaikutusmekanismeista. Näiden tietojen perusteella voidaan suunnitella mm. seurantojen sisältöä ja kohdentamista sekä analysoida seurannan tuottamia aineistoja. Tässä julkaisussa käsitellään Pohjois-Karjalan ympäristön tilan seurantoja ja seurannan tuottamaa tietoa osana kan-sainvälistä ympäristöyhteistyötä. Erityisteemoina julkaisussa nostetaan esille mm. ilmaston muutos, vesien tila, metsien terveyden tila sekä ympäristö ja terveys. Lisäksi esitellään lähialueyhteistyön, Fennoskandian vihreän vyöhykkeen ja Pohjois-Karjalan biosfäärialueen merkitystä ja mahdollisuuksia seurantayhteistyössä. Julkaisu on osa Pohjois-Karjalan ympäristön tilan seurannan kehittämisen yhteistyöryhmän toimintaa.

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa : Palvelutasolähtöinen kehityskäytäväselvitys

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa kehityskäytäväselvitys on Liikenneviraston liikennepoliittiseen selontekoon liittyvä yhteysvälin liikenneselvitys. Valtatie 3 on yksi Suomen tärkeimmistä ja vilkkaimmista päätieyhteyksistä sekä osa kansainvälistä Euroopan laajuista kattavaa verkkoa (TEN-T ja E12) Tampereelta Vaasaan. Tarkasteluosuuden pituus on 230 km. Tampereen, Seinäjoen ja Vaasan välisissä kuljetuksissa tavaraliikenne keskittyy valtatielle 3. Yhteysvälin päissä, Tampereen ja Vaasan kaupunkiseuduilla liikennemäärät ovat suuria 9 000 - 16 900 ajon./vrk. Tarkastelujakson keskiosissa liikenne on hieman vähäisempää, mutta esimerkiksi Parkanon pohjoispuolella korostuu raskaan liikenteen suuret määrät. Yhteysvälin haasteina ovat ennen kaikkea turvallisten ohitusmahdollisuuksien puute, kuljetusten hallittavuus, puutteet matka-ajassa ja sen ennakoitavuudessa sekä joukkoliikenteenyhteys puutteet, joita 1.vaiheen kehittämistoimenpiteillä on pyritty parantamaan. Toimenpiteet on muodostettu palvelutasoanalyysin ja kehittämisvaihtoehtojen kustannustehokkuus- ja vaikuttavuusarvioiden perusteella. Työssä tutkittiin ja vertailtiin neljää vaihtoehtoista koria, joista suositusehdotus muodostettiin yhteistyössä Pirkanmaan ja Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskusten, Liikenneviraston ja alueen maakuntaliittojen kesken. Valtatietä 3 parannetaan pääosin nykyisellä paikallaan kaksikaistaisena, mutta tie on tavoitetilassa 4-kaistainen Tampereelta Hämeenkyröön ja Vaasasta Laihialle. Merkittävin parannushanke on Hämeenkyrön ohitustie, jossa valtatie on 4-kaistainen ja ohittaa nykyisen ongelmallisen Hämeenkyrön taajamaosuuden. 1.vaiheen hankepaketti sisältää myös useita ohituskaistahankkeita, sekä pienempiä liittymä ja liikenneturvallisuushankkeita, jotka on katsottu kustannustehokkaiksi. Valtatien 3 ensimmäisen vaiheen hankkeiden kustannusarvio on 158 miljoonaa euroa. Hanke on taloudellisesti kannattava ja sen hyöty-kustannussuhde on 1,3. Hankkeen suunnitelmavalmius on hyvä. Useita tiesuunnitelmia on hyväksytty tai valmiina hyväksymiskäsittelyyn.

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

Deviations of Governance In IT Multi-Sourcing: A Case Study

IT outsourcing (ITO) refers to the shift of IT/IS activities from internal to external of an organization. In prior research, the governance of ITO is recognized with persistent strategic importance for practice, because it is tightly related to ITO success. Under the rapid transformation of global market, the evolving practice of ITO requires updated knowledge on effective governance. However, research on ITO governance is still under developed due to the lack of integrated theoretical frameworks and the variety of empirical settings besides dyadic client-vendor relationships. Especially, as multi-sourcing has become an increasingly common practice in ITO, its new governance challenges must be attended by both ITO researchers and practitioners. To address this research gap, this study aims to understand multi-sourcing governance with an integrated theoretical framework incorporating both governance structure and governance mechanisms. The focus is on the emerging deviations among formal, perceived and practiced governance. With an interpretive perspective, a single case study is conducted with mixed methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and qualitative inquiries. The empirical setting embraces one client firm and its two IT suppliers for IT infrastructure services. The empirical material is analyzed at three levels: within one supplier firm, between the client and one supplier, and among all three firms. Empirical evidences, at all levels, illustrate various deviations in governance mechanisms, with which emerging governance structures are shaped. This dissertation contributes to the understanding of ITO governance in three domains: the governance of ITO in general, the governance of multi-sourcing in particular, and research methodology. For ITO governance in general, this study has identified two research strands of governance structure and governance mechanisms, and integrated both concepts under a unified framework. The composition of four research papers contributes to multi-sourcing research by illustrating the benefits of zooming in and out across the multilateral relationships with different aspects and scopes. Methodologically, the viability and benefit of mixed-method is illustrated and confirmed for both researchers and practitioners.

Globalization of pharmaceutical R&D. Pharmaceutical R&D governance forms in People's Republic of China

Yrityksen selviytyminen ja menestyminen ovat riippuvaisia sen kyvystä innovoida, luoda tietoa ja hyödyntää tietämystä ja keksintöjä (Dunk ja Kilgore 2001). Yrityksen menestyminen erityisesti korkean teknologian alalla on siten suoraan riippuvainen sen T&T:stä, johon tehdyt investoinnit tuovat merkittäviä taloudellisia etuja yritykselle uusien tuotteiden, palveluiden ja prosessien muodossa (McEvily ja Chakravarthy 1999). Teknologinen etumatka ja sen tuotteistaminen innovatiivisiksi tarjoamiksi mahdollistaa monopolististen etujen saavuttamisen yrityksen kansainvälisessä kilpailussa (Lall 1977). Tämä kaltainen kilpailuetu voidaan saavuttaa yrityksen kyvyllä yhdistää maantieteellisesti hajautettu T&T:nsä tehokkaaksi verkostoksi (Porter 1986). Boehen (2008) mukaan T&T:n globalisoitumista voidaan johtaa eri hallintömuodoilla: T&T:n kansainvälistymisellä, T&T:n ulkomaille sijoittamisella ja T&T ulkomaille ulkoistamisella. T&T:n globalisoituminen on osa 2000-luvun taloudellista muutosta, ja sille on esitetty useita vaikuttavia tekijöitä, kuten kustannuserot, työvoimaresurssit, erityisosaamiskeskukset, paikallinen teknologia osaaminen ja kohdemarkkinoiden potentiaali (bardhan 2006; Norwood, ym. 2006; von Zedtwitz ja Gassmann 2002). Tutkimuksen on osoitettu eroavan tuotekehityksestä ja eri tekijöiden on osoitettu vaikuttavan niihin (von Zedtwitz ja Gassmann 2002; Leifer ja Triscari 1987). Samoin T&T on osoitettu olevan jatkumo perustavanlaatuisesta soveltavaan ja lääkekehityksen muodostavan vastaavan T&T jatkumon (Lall 1980; Iansiti 1993), jonka yksittäiset osat vaikuttavat sen hallintomuotoon. Tutkimus esittää eri tekijöitä voivan hyödyntää hallintomuodosta riippuen. Tätä tutkimusta varten tutkija haastatteli lääketeollisuuden johtajia Kiinassa vahvistaakseen tai hylätäkseen eri tekijöitä ja niiden suhdetta lääketeollisen T&T:n hallintomuotoihin. Markkinoiden todettiin olevan ensisijainen tekijä mutta myös kustannuserojen, insentiivien, työvoimaresurssien ja erityisosaamiskeskusten merkitys T&T:n globalisoitumiseen vaikuttavina tekijöinä vahvistettiin yhdessä perusvaatimusten ja riskitekijöiden kanssa. Tutkimuksessa vahvistetaan myös lääketeollisen T&T-jatkumon vaikutus ja esitetään viitekehys hallintomuodoille.

Globalization of pharmaceutical R&D Pharmaceutical R&D governance forms in People's Republic of China

Firm's survival and success, which are dependent on its ability to innovate, to create knowledge and to capitalize on inventions and know-how, is in essence directly linked to its R&D process (Dunk and Kilgore 2001). Especially in technology driven industries, such as the pharmaceuticals, there are significant positive returns to R&D investments through introduction of new or improved products and services (McEvily and Chakravarthy 1999). Technological lead and its transformation to innovative products as fruits of corporate R&D can be seen as monopolistic advantage that helps enterprises to compete in today’s market (Lall 1977). This competitive advantage can be derived from corporation's ability to integrate its activities across geographic locations (Porter 1986). According to Boehe (2008) globalization of R&D can executed with different governance forms: R&D internationalization, R&D offshoring or R&D offshore outsourcing. Globalization of R&D is intervened with the changes in global economy of the 21st century. Some studies argue for its influencing factors to be access to vast skilled labor pools and centers of excellence (Bardhan 2006). Other studies indicate the R&D cost differentials between countries to be the major expected benefit (Norwood et al. 2006). Von Zedtwitz and Gassmann (2002) presented benefits as divided to accessing markets and customers or to accessing local science and technology. This study proposes that based on governance form distinct factor derived benefits can be capitalized. To corroborate or refute factors and their relations on R&D globalization governance forms, an empirical study based on expert interviews of pharmaceutical directors was conducted in the People's Republic of China. The market was found to be the major influencing factor. Local requirements and adaptation were corroborated as factors connected with markets. Furthermore, influencing factors, such as labour, centers of excellence, cost, financial incentives were corroborated together with conditional and risk factors. Furthermore this research argues that the globalization of pharmaceutical R&D is dependent on the financial, scientific and operational requirements of the drug discovery stage. And thus establishes the influence of drug discovery's stages continuum on pharmaceutical R&D globalization. Finally, a R&D globalization governance form decision framework is proposed based on the frameworks presented in literature and author's corroborated empirical findings.