Lestadiolaisuus, yhteiskunta ja politiikka

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Potential of energy and nutrient recovery from biodegradable waste by co-treatment in Lithuania

Biodegradable waste quantities in Lithuania and their potential for the co-treatment in renewable energy and organic fertilizer production are investigated. Two scenarios are formulated to study the differences of the amounts of obtainable energy and fertilizers between different ways of utilization. In the first scenario, only digestion is used, and in the second scenario, other materials than straw are digested, and straw and the solid fraction of sewage sludge digestate are combusted. As a result, the amounts of heat and electricity, as well as the fertilizer amounts in the counties are obtained for both scenarios. Based on this study, the share of renewable energy in Lithuania could be doubled by the co-treatment of different biodegradable materials.

Value Creation of Professional Services

The aim of this qualitative thesis is to research, how professional services create value, and what are the key factors affecting on this process. A model describing value creation process in professional services will be explained, based on the existing literature and three in depth discussions with professional service representatives. Professional services are such services that are tend to base on problem solving and require high skills and knowledge of a professional. These services often have a consultative or an advisory nature, and they often involve both client and a company in service process. As the service is often delivered in somewhat collaboration so is the value created. The results of this thesis revealed that value is created in collaboration or co-operation in professional services. Therefore, value co-creation, as a concept, is exact to describe the value creation process in professional services. This thesis also revealed that value is co- created in continuous communication between a client and a company and no value or only a little value can be created if there is no effective communication during the professional service process.

Efficient Algorithms for Coastal Geographic Problems

The increasing performance of computers has made it possible to solve algorithmically problems for which manual and possibly inaccurate methods have been previously used. Nevertheless, one must still pay attention to the performance of an algorithm if huge datasets are used or if the problem iscomputationally difficult. Two geographic problems are studied in the articles included in this thesis. In the first problem the goal is to determine distances from points, called study points, to shorelines in predefined directions. Together with other in-formation, mainly related to wind, these distances can be used to estimate wave exposure at different areas. In the second problem the input consists of a set of sites where water quality observations have been made and of the results of the measurements at the different sites. The goal is to select a subset of the observational sites in such a manner that water quality is still measured in a sufficient accuracy when monitoring at the other sites is stopped to reduce economic cost. Most of the thesis concentrates on the first problem, known as the fetch length problem. The main challenge is that the two-dimensional map is represented as a set of polygons with millions of vertices in total and the distances may also be computed for millions of study points in several directions. Efficient algorithms are developed for the problem, one of them approximate and the others exact except for rounding errors. The solutions also differ in that three of them are targeted for serial operation or for a small number of CPU cores whereas one, together with its further developments, is suitable also for parallel machines such as GPUs.

Lapväärtinjoen alaosan väylien kunnostushankkeen loppuraportti : Kalaston ja kalastuksen velvoitetarkkailutulokset

Kristiinankaupungin kaupunki sai ympäristölupaviraston luvan Lapväärtinjoen alaosan kunnostukseen väyliä ruoppaamalla. Ruoppauk-set aloitettiin talvella 2011–2012 ja niitä jatkettiin seuraavana talvena. Ensimmäisenä talvena ruopattiin noin 18 100 m3 ja toisena 25 200 m3. Lupapäätöksessä luvanhaltija määrättiin tarkkailemaan hankkeen vaikutuksia veden laatuun, suojeltuihin Natura 2000 – luon-nonarvoihin, kalakantoihin, kalojen kutualueisiin ja kalastukseen valvovien viranomaisten hyväksymällä tavalla. Tässä loppuraportissa esitetään kaikki kalaston ja kalastuksen tarkkailujen tulokset. Hankkeen toteuttamisen vaikutuksia meritaimenen ja vaellussiian nousuun seurattiin rysäpyynnin avulla syksyisin ja keväisin syksystä 2011 alkaen syksyyn 2014 asti. Rysällä saatiin taimenia eniten syksyllä 2013, kun taas siikoja saatiin eniten syksyllä 2012. Vain osa nousevista taimenista ui rysään, sillä syksyllä 2014 rysällä saatiin kymmenen taimenta, kun samaan aikaan noin 9 km päässä ylävir-ralla sijaitsevan Peruskosken Vaki-kalalaskurin kautta nousi lähes 70 lohikalaa eli ilmeisesti taimenta. Taimenen käyttämiä vaellusreittejä selvitettiin telemetrian avulla hankkeen valmistumisen jälkeen keväällä 2014. Lähettimillä varuste-tuista viidestä taimenesta neljä nousi jokeen. Kolme taimenista nousi ylävirtaan pääväylää pitkin ja yhden nousureitti jäi epäselväksi. Nahkiaisen toukkakartoitusten tavoitteena oli selvittää ennen ruoppauksia, poistetaanko ruoppauksilla toukka-alueita. Nahkiaistoukkia löydettiin hankealueen yläpuolelta ja ylä- ja keskiosalta kesällä 2011. Nahkiaisten pyyntiolosuhteiden muuttumista ja pyynnin tehok-kuutta seurattiin saaliskirjanpidon avulla yhteistyössä alueen nahkiaisrysäpyytäjien kanssa. Nahkiaissaaliit olivat pienet etenkin vuonna 2014. Tutkimusalueen virkistys- ja vapaa-ajan kalastusta selvitettiin lähettämällä tiedustelu ruoppausalueen rantojen maan- ja kiinteistön-omistajille ja mökin pitkään vuokranneille. Vastanneet ruokakunnat olivat saaneet kalaa vuonna 2011 yhteensä noin 3200 kg ja vuonna 2014 noin 2800 kg. Runsaimmin saatiin haukea, särkeä, ahventa, säynettä ja lahnaa, joista kertyi 88 % kokonaissaaliin massasta mo-lempina vuosina.

Restaurering av vattenleder i Lappfjärds ås nedre lopp: Slutrapport : Resultat från den obligatoriska kontrollen av fiskbestånden och fisket

Staden Kristinestad fick tillstånd av miljötillståndsverket att restaurera Lappfjärds ås nedre lopp genom att muddra vattenlederna. Muddringarna inleddes vintern 2011–2012 och de fortsatte följande vinter. Under den första vintern muddrades 18 100 m3tfm och under den andra 25 200 m3tfm. I tillståndsbeslutet för projektet ålades tillståndshavaren kontrollera projektets konsekvenser för vattenkvaliteten, de skyddade Natura 2000-naturvärdena, fiskbestånden, fiskens lekområden och fisket på ett sätt som godkänns av tillsynsmyndigheterna. I den här slutrapporten presenteras alla resultat av observationerna av fiskbeståndet och fisket. Effekterna av genomförandet av projektet på havsöringens och vandringssikens vandringsbeteende följdes med hjälp av fiske med storryssja på höstarna och vårarna från hösten 2011 till hösten 2014. Flest öringar fångades med ryssja hösten 2013, medan flest sikar fångades hösten 2012. Endast en del av de vandrande öringarna simmade in i ryssjan. Hösten 2014 fångades tio öringar med ryssjan, samtidigt som nästan 70 laxfiskar, dvs. uppenbarligen öringar, vandrade upp i ån vid Vaki-fiskräknaren i Perus fors cirka 9 km uppströms. De vandringsrutter som öringen använder utreddes med hjälp av telemetri våren 2014, efter slutförandet av projektet. Av de fem öringar som utrustats med sändare vandrade fyra upp i ån. Tre av öringarna vandrade uppströms längs huvudleden och vandringsrutten för en av öringarna förblev oklar. Målet med kartläggningen av nejonögslarver var att före muddringsarbetena utreda om larvområden försvinner som en följd av muddringarna. Sommaren 2011 hittades nejonögslarver ovanför projektområdet samt i områdets övre och mittersta del. Förändringarna i fiskeförhållandena för nejonöga och fiskets effektivitet följdes med hjälp av fångstbokföring i samarbete med de regionala fiskarna som fiskar nejonöga med ryssja. Nejonögsfångsterna var små i synnerhet 2014. Rekreations- och fritidsfisket i undersökningsområdet utreddes genom att skicka en förfrågan till mark- och fastighetsägarna samt långvariga hyresgäster längs stränderna i muddringsområdet. De hushåll som besvarade förfrågan hade år 2011 fått sammanlagt cirka 3 200 kg fisk och år 2014 cirka 2 800 kg. Mest fångades gädda, mört, abborre, id och braxen. Dessa fiskar stod för 88 procent av totalfångstens massa båda åren.

Real-time adaptive control of ultra-fast laser scribing process with spectrometer online monitoring

There exist several researches and applications about laser welding monitoring and parameter control but not a single one have been created for controlling of laser scribing processes. Laser scribing is considered to be very fast and accurate process and thus it would be necessary to develop accurate turning and monitoring system for such a process. This research focuses on finding out whether it would be possible to develop real-time adaptive control for ultra-fast laser scribing processes utilizing spectrometer online monitoring. The thesis accurately presents how control code for laser parameter tuning is developed using National Instrument's LabVIEW and how spectrometer is being utilized in online monitoring. Results are based on behavior of the control code and accuracy of the spectrometer monitoring when scribing different steel materials. Finally control code success is being evaluated and possible development ideas for future are presented.

Optimal Recycling Combination of Ash in South-East Finland

The present world energy production is heavily relying on the combustion of solid fuels like coals, peat, biomass, municipal solid waste, whereas the share of renewable fuels is anticipated to increase in the future to mitigate climate change. In Finland, peat and wood are widely used for energy production. In any case, the combustion of solid fuels results in generation of several types of thermal conversion residues, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and boiler slag. The predominant residue type is determined by the incineration technology applied, while its composition is primarily relevant to the composition of fuels combusted. An extensive research has been conducted on technical suitability of ash for multiple recycling methods. Most of attention was drawn to the recycling of the coal combustion residues, as coal is the primary solid fuel consumed globally. The recycling methods of coal residues include utilization in a cement industry, in concrete manufacturing, and mine backfilling, to name few. Biomass combustion residues were also studied to some extent with forest fertilization, road construction, and road stabilization being the predominant utilization options. Lastly, residues form municipal solid waste incineration attracted more attention recently following the growing number of waste incineration plants globally. The recycling methods of waste incineration residues are the most limited due to its hazardous nature and varying composition, and include, among others, landfill construction, road construction, mine backfilling. In the study, environmental and economic aspects of multiple recycling options of thermal conversion residues generated within a case-study area were studied. The case-study area was South-East Finland. The environmental analysis was performed using an internationally recognized methodology — life cycle assessment. Economic assessment was conducted applying a widely used methodology — cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to enable easier comparison of the recycling methods. The recycling methods included the use of ash in forest fertilization, road construction, road stabilization, and landfill construction. Ash landfilling was set as a baseline scenario. Quantitative data about the amounts of ash generated and its composition was obtained from companies, their environmental reports, technical reports and other previously published literature. Overall, the amount of ash in the case-study area was 101 700 t. However, the data about 58 400 t of fly ash and 35 100 t of bottom ash and boiler slag were included in the study due to lack of data about leaching of heavy metals in some cases. The recycling methods were modelled according to the scientific studies published previously. Overall, the results of the study indicated that ash utilization for fertilization and neutralization of 17 600 ha of forest was the most economically beneficial method, which resulted in the net present value increase by 58% compared to ash landfilling. Regarding the environmental impact, the use of ash in the construction of 11 km of roads was the most attractive method with decreased environmental impact of 13% compared to ash landfilling. The least preferred method was the use of ash for landfill construction since it only enabled 11% increase of net present value, while inducing additional 1% of negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a following recycling route was proposed in the study. Where possible and legally acceptable, recycle fly and bottom ash for forest fertilization, which has strictest requirements out of all studied methods. If the quality of fly ash is not suitable for forest fertilization, then it should be utilized, first, in paved road construction, second, in road stabilization. Bottom ash not suitable for forest fertilization, as well as boiler slag, should be used in landfill construction. Landfilling should only be practiced when recycling by either of the methods is not possible due to legal requirements or there is not enough demand on the market. Current demand on ash and possible changes in the future were assessed in the study. Currently, the area of forest fertilized in the case-study are is only 451 ha, whereas about 17 600 ha of forest could be fertilized with ash generated in the region. Provided that the average forest fertilizing values in Finland are higher and the area treated with fellings is about 40 000 ha, the amount of ash utilized in forest fertilization could be increased. Regarding road construction, no new projects launched by the Center of Economic Development, Transport and the Environment in the case-study area were identified. A potential application can be found in the construction of private roads. However, no centralized data about such projects is available. The use of ash in stabilization of forest roads is not expected to increased in the future with a current downwards trend in the length of forest roads built. Finally, the use of ash in landfill construction is not a promising option due to the reducing number of landfills in operation in Finland.