Lestadiolaisuus, yhteiskunta ja politiikka

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Potential of energy and nutrient recovery from biodegradable waste by co-treatment in Lithuania

Biodegradable waste quantities in Lithuania and their potential for the co-treatment in renewable energy and organic fertilizer production are investigated. Two scenarios are formulated to study the differences of the amounts of obtainable energy and fertilizers between different ways of utilization. In the first scenario, only digestion is used, and in the second scenario, other materials than straw are digested, and straw and the solid fraction of sewage sludge digestate are combusted. As a result, the amounts of heat and electricity, as well as the fertilizer amounts in the counties are obtained for both scenarios. Based on this study, the share of renewable energy in Lithuania could be doubled by the co-treatment of different biodegradable materials.

Value Creation of Professional Services

The aim of this qualitative thesis is to research, how professional services create value, and what are the key factors affecting on this process. A model describing value creation process in professional services will be explained, based on the existing literature and three in depth discussions with professional service representatives. Professional services are such services that are tend to base on problem solving and require high skills and knowledge of a professional. These services often have a consultative or an advisory nature, and they often involve both client and a company in service process. As the service is often delivered in somewhat collaboration so is the value created. The results of this thesis revealed that value is created in collaboration or co-operation in professional services. Therefore, value co-creation, as a concept, is exact to describe the value creation process in professional services. This thesis also revealed that value is co- created in continuous communication between a client and a company and no value or only a little value can be created if there is no effective communication during the professional service process.

Efficient Algorithms for Coastal Geographic Problems

The increasing performance of computers has made it possible to solve algorithmically problems for which manual and possibly inaccurate methods have been previously used. Nevertheless, one must still pay attention to the performance of an algorithm if huge datasets are used or if the problem iscomputationally difficult. Two geographic problems are studied in the articles included in this thesis. In the first problem the goal is to determine distances from points, called study points, to shorelines in predefined directions. Together with other in-formation, mainly related to wind, these distances can be used to estimate wave exposure at different areas. In the second problem the input consists of a set of sites where water quality observations have been made and of the results of the measurements at the different sites. The goal is to select a subset of the observational sites in such a manner that water quality is still measured in a sufficient accuracy when monitoring at the other sites is stopped to reduce economic cost. Most of the thesis concentrates on the first problem, known as the fetch length problem. The main challenge is that the two-dimensional map is represented as a set of polygons with millions of vertices in total and the distances may also be computed for millions of study points in several directions. Efficient algorithms are developed for the problem, one of them approximate and the others exact except for rounding errors. The solutions also differ in that three of them are targeted for serial operation or for a small number of CPU cores whereas one, together with its further developments, is suitable also for parallel machines such as GPUs.

Lapväärtinjoen alaosan väylien kunnostushankkeen loppuraportti : Kalaston ja kalastuksen velvoitetarkkailutulokset

Kristiinankaupungin kaupunki sai ympäristölupaviraston luvan Lapväärtinjoen alaosan kunnostukseen väyliä ruoppaamalla. Ruoppauk-set aloitettiin talvella 2011–2012 ja niitä jatkettiin seuraavana talvena. Ensimmäisenä talvena ruopattiin noin 18 100 m3 ja toisena 25 200 m3. Lupapäätöksessä luvanhaltija määrättiin tarkkailemaan hankkeen vaikutuksia veden laatuun, suojeltuihin Natura 2000 – luon-nonarvoihin, kalakantoihin, kalojen kutualueisiin ja kalastukseen valvovien viranomaisten hyväksymällä tavalla. Tässä loppuraportissa esitetään kaikki kalaston ja kalastuksen tarkkailujen tulokset. Hankkeen toteuttamisen vaikutuksia meritaimenen ja vaellussiian nousuun seurattiin rysäpyynnin avulla syksyisin ja keväisin syksystä 2011 alkaen syksyyn 2014 asti. Rysällä saatiin taimenia eniten syksyllä 2013, kun taas siikoja saatiin eniten syksyllä 2012. Vain osa nousevista taimenista ui rysään, sillä syksyllä 2014 rysällä saatiin kymmenen taimenta, kun samaan aikaan noin 9 km päässä ylävir-ralla sijaitsevan Peruskosken Vaki-kalalaskurin kautta nousi lähes 70 lohikalaa eli ilmeisesti taimenta. Taimenen käyttämiä vaellusreittejä selvitettiin telemetrian avulla hankkeen valmistumisen jälkeen keväällä 2014. Lähettimillä varuste-tuista viidestä taimenesta neljä nousi jokeen. Kolme taimenista nousi ylävirtaan pääväylää pitkin ja yhden nousureitti jäi epäselväksi. Nahkiaisen toukkakartoitusten tavoitteena oli selvittää ennen ruoppauksia, poistetaanko ruoppauksilla toukka-alueita. Nahkiaistoukkia löydettiin hankealueen yläpuolelta ja ylä- ja keskiosalta kesällä 2011. Nahkiaisten pyyntiolosuhteiden muuttumista ja pyynnin tehok-kuutta seurattiin saaliskirjanpidon avulla yhteistyössä alueen nahkiaisrysäpyytäjien kanssa. Nahkiaissaaliit olivat pienet etenkin vuonna 2014. Tutkimusalueen virkistys- ja vapaa-ajan kalastusta selvitettiin lähettämällä tiedustelu ruoppausalueen rantojen maan- ja kiinteistön-omistajille ja mökin pitkään vuokranneille. Vastanneet ruokakunnat olivat saaneet kalaa vuonna 2011 yhteensä noin 3200 kg ja vuonna 2014 noin 2800 kg. Runsaimmin saatiin haukea, särkeä, ahventa, säynettä ja lahnaa, joista kertyi 88 % kokonaissaaliin massasta mo-lempina vuosina.