910 resultados para Raivio, Kari


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There are small amounts of valuable metals, such as indium, gallium and germanium, in zinc process solutions. Their solvent extraction was studied in this work in sulphate solutions containing zinc and other metals present in industrial solutions. It was discovered, that a commercial bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (D2EHPA) extractant can be used to extract indium and gallium. Indium was extracted separately at a higher acid concentration than gallium. Zinc was co-extracted faster than gallium and almost as much as gallium at the same pH. However, the scrubbing of zinc was possible using a dilute sulphuric acid and a short contact time while gallium losses were small. Both indium and gallium were stripped with sulphuric acid. Germanium was extracted with 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxydodecane-6-oxime with the commercial name of LIX 63. Unlike other metals in the solution the extraction of germanium increased with different extractants as the acidity increased. Germanium extraction isotherm was measured for a 125 g/L sulfuric acid solution. The loaded organic phase was washed with pure water. It removed the co-extracted acid and part of the germanium and extracted impurities such as iron and copper. Germanium was stripped using a NaOH solution. A process model utilizing own experimentally determined extraction, scrubbing and stripping isotherms was made with HSC Sim software developed by Outotec Oyj. The model based on McCabe–Thiele diagrams was used in sizing the necessary amount of stages and phase ratios in a recovery process. It was concluded, that indium, gallium and germanium can be recovered in the process from a feed where their concentrations are low (<300 ppm). In an example case the feed contained also more than 20 g/L zinc and 2–8 g/L iron, aluminium and copper. The recoveries of indium, gallium and germanium were more than 90 % when 1–3 stages were used in each extraction, scrubbing and stripping section. Since the number of stages is small mixer-settlers would be well suited for this purpose.

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This dissertation is based on 5 articles which deal with reaction mechanisms of the following selected industrially important organic reactions: 1. dehydrocyclization of n-butylbenzene to produce naphthalene 2. dehydrocyclization of 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutane (MB) to produce 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene 3. esterification of neopentyl glycol (NPG) with different carboxylic acids to produce monoesters 4. skeletal isomerization of 1-pentene to produce 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene The results of initial- and integral-rate experiments of n-butylbenzene dehydrocyclization over selfmade chromia/alumina catalyst were applied when investigating reaction 2. Reaction 2 was performed using commercial chromia/alumina of different acidity, platina on silica and vanadium/calcium/alumina as catalysts. On all catalysts used for the dehydrocyclization, major reactions were fragmentation of MB and 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutenes (MBes), dehydrogenation of MB, double bond transfer, hydrogenation and 1,6-cyclization of MBes. Minor reactions were 1,5-cyclization of MBes and methyl group fragmentation of 1,6- cyclization products. Esterification reactions of NPG were performed using three different carboxylic acids: propionic, isobutyric and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Commercial heterogeneous gellular (Dowex 50WX2), macroreticular (Amberlyst 15) type resins and homogeneous para-toluene sulfonic acid were used as catalysts. At first NPG reacted with carboxylic acids to form corresponding monoester and water. Then monoester esterified with carboxylic acid to form corresponding diester. In disproportionation reaction two monoester molecules formed NPG and corresponding diester. All these three reactions can attain equilibrium. Concerning esterification, water was removed from the reactor in order to prevent backward reaction. Skeletal isomerization experiments of 1-pentene were performed over HZSM-22 catalyst. Isomerization reactions of three different kind were detected: double bond, cis-trans and skeletal isomerization. Minor side reaction were dimerization and fragmentation. Monomolecular and bimolecular reaction mechanisms for skeletal isomerization explained experimental results almost equally well. Pseudohomogeneous kinetic parameters of reactions 1 and 2 were estimated by usual least squares fitting. Concerning reactions 3 and 4 kinetic parameters were estimated by the leastsquares method, but also the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters were determined using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Finally using MCMC method, the estimation of model parameters and predictions were performed according to the Bayesian paradigm. According to the fitting results suggested reaction mechanisms explained experimental results rather well. When the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters (Reactions 3 and 4) were determined using MCMC method, the parameters identified well, and no pathological cross-correlation could be seen between any parameter pair.

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Satakunnan ympäristökouluhanke ja sitä edeltänyt selvi¬tyshanke ovat vakiinnuttaneet verkostomallin satakuntalaisessa ympäristökasvatuksessa. Niiden ansiosta kulttuuriperintö maiseman osana on tullut alueella kiinteäksi osaksi ympäristökasvatuksen sisältöä, mikä kaikkialla Suomessa ei vielä tänä päivänä ole itsestäänselvyys. Hankkeessa tuotetut opetuspaketit ovat lisänneet tietoisuutta maakunnan kulttuuriympäristöistä tekemällä niitä tutuiksi kouluissa. Samalla ne ovat tehostaneet opettajien valmiuksia toteuttaa opetussuunnitelmien ympäristökasvatustavoitteita uusien menetelmien avulla. Käsillä oleva julkaisu on ympäristökouluhankkeen loppujulkaisu. Sen kirjoittajat ovat ympäristökasvatusverkostoon kuuluvia eri alojen erikoisasiantuntijoita. Marja-Leena Rönkön ja Marjo Heino-Fihlmanin osuus käsittelee taide- ja ympäristökasvatusta Leineperin ruukin kulttuuriperintökohteen yhteydessä. Outi Kokkosen ja Kirsi Urmsonin artikkeli kertoo Rauman vanhan seminaaripuutarhan uudesta tulemisesta opetuskäyttöön, nyt koululaisten puutarhaopetuksen muodossa. Juha Riihelä ja Laura Puolamäki kirjoittavat ympäristökouluhankkeen kanssa yhteistyössä toimineesta PaikkaOppi – paikkatiedon opetushankkeesta ja paikkatiedosta kulttuuriympäristökasvatuksessa. Anna Paloheimo puolestaan käsittelee perinteisempää ympäristökasvatuksen muotoa, kasvillisuuskartoitusta, Selkämeren tulevan kansallispuiston maisemissa. Kari Uotilan aiheena on maiseman historian ja arkeologian esittely kannettavan tietokoneen ja GPS-paikannuksen avulla. Toisessa osuudessaan Laura Puolamäki summaa hankkeen tuomia kokemuksia ja kulttuuriympäristökasvatuksen jatkonäkymiä. Lopuksi Riitta Korhonen esittelee hankkeen luokan- ja lastentarhanopettajille toteuttamaa täydennyskoulutusta. Osuudet kertovat monipuolisesta ja ennakkoluulottomasta toiminnasta, jolla kulttuuriympäristökasvatusta on kehitetty alueen monipuolisen osaamisen ja rikkaiden kulttuuriympäristöjen pohjalta. Kulttuuriympäristökasvatus on osoittautunut tärkeäksi maisemantutkimuksen tuottaman tutkimustiedon sovelluskentäksi ja tieteidenväliseksi yhteistyöalueeksi. Se tarjoaa erikoistumismahdollisuuksia sekä maisemantutkimukselle että opettajankoulutukselle. Nyt tehty pohjatyö mahdollistaa kulttuuriympäristökasvatuksen jatkokehittämisen yhteistyössä toteutettavana, valtakunnallisesti omintakeisena opetuskokonaisuutena. Toivotaan sen vakiintuvan osaksi Turun yliopiston ja Satakunnan koulujen arkista toimintaa.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Keskustelua Kari Enqvistin kirjasta Monimutkaisuus.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu