939 resultados para Husa, Jaakko: Yleinen valtiosääntöoikeus


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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kielitieteiden kokoelma sijaitsee Humanistis-kasvatustieteellisessä osastossa (Humanikassa), jossa painettu yleis- ja käsikirjastokokoelma koostuu noin 25000 nimekkeestä (painettujen monografiasarjojen osat mukaan lukien). Kielitieteiden kokoelmasta kartoitettiin seitsemän osa-aluetta. Laajin osa-alue oli yleinen kielitiede, jonka osuus oli 32 % nimekkeistä (7882). Englantilainen filologia 13% (3293 nimekettä), pohjoismaiset kielet 12% (2934 nimekettä), slaavilaiset kielet 11% (2795 nimekettä), suomi ja suomen sukukielet 11,5 % (6744) nimekettä, saksan kieli 9% (2195 nimekettä), romaaniset kielet 6% (1565 nimekettä). Analysoimatonta aineistoa oli 8% (1987 nimekettä). Käsikirjaston kokoelma sisälsi 3360 nimekettä (v. 2008), joista n. 65% oli sanakirjoja, hakuteoksia n. 30% ja n. 5% bibliografioita. Painettuja lehtiä v. 2008 oli 90 nimekettä. Sähkökirjoja kokoelmassa oli n. 1600 Ebrary-tietokannassa, 25 Netlibrary-tietokannassa sekä elektroniset hakuteokset Ethnologue : languages of the world ja Oxford reference online. Verkkolehtiä kokoelmassa oli n. 450. Tietokantoja 22, joista kokotekstitietokantoja oli 14 ja viitetietokantoja 8.

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Työssä tarkastellaan sähkögeneraattorin runkokappaleen valmistettavuutta. Työ on tehty eräälle yritykselle, joka jätetään mainitsematta. Työhön liittyvät valmistuskuvat ovat salaisia ja niiden yleinen esittely ei ole mahdollista. Yritys kehittää uutta sähkögeneraattorituoteperhettä ja generaattorin runkokappale halutaan mahdollisimman helpoksi ja kustannustehokkaaksi valmistaa. Sähkögeneraattoreita on tarkoitus valmistaa vuositasolla kymmeniä tai jopa pari sataa kappaletta. Mahdolliset valmistusmenetelmät on rajattu ennen työn aloittamista MAG-hitsaukseen ja valamiseen, niiden ollessa todennäköisimmät valmistusmenetelmät. MAG-hitsauksessa huomioidaan prosessin tehostamiskeinot ja robotisoidun hitsauksen mahdollisuus. Valaminen rajattiin hiekkavaluun, joka on kertamuottimenetelmä ja soveltuu yksittäiskappaletuotannosta aina sarjatuotantoon. Materiaaliksi hitsaukseen valittiin rakenneteräs S355 ja valettaviksi materiaalivaihtoehdoiksi pallografiittivaluraudat EN-GJS-400-15U ja EN-GJS-500. Teoriaosuudessa on esitelty teettäjän pyytämä valmistusmenetelmien perusteoria ja sen jälkeen on tarkemmin tarkasteltu hitsattavan ja valettavan runkokappaleen muotoiluun liittyvää teoriaa. Hitsattavan kappaleen robotisoituun hitsaukseen liittyy myös vahvasti kappaleenkäsittely ja hitsauskiinnittimet, jotka välillisesti vaikuttavat myös kappaleen muotoiluun. Tätä työtä kirjoitettaessa generaattori on suunnitteluvaiheessa. Runkokappale on suunniteltu valmistettavaksi levyosista hitsaamalla. Tämä kehitysversio analysoidaan Design for manufacturing and assembly -menetelmän keinoin, ja runkokappaleelle esitetään rakennemuutosehdotuksia, jotka parantavat kappaleen valmistettavuutta. Runkokappaleen valmistaminen valamalla vaatii tuotteen muodon valuteknisen tarkastelun. Lopuksi hitsausta ja valamista verrataan toisiinsa ja arvioidaan niiden ominaisuuksia keskenään. Työssä ei päädytä lopulliseen valmistusmenetelmän valintaan, koska ei ole tiedossa käytössä olevia laitteistoja. Laitteistot määräävät käytetyt rakenneratkaisut ja valmistusmenetelmät.

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The objective of this dissertation is to improve the dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits. A fluid power circuit is a typical way to implement power transmission in mobile working machines, e.g. cranes, excavators etc. Dynamic simulation is an essential tool in developing controllability and energy-efficient solutions for mobile machines. Efficient dynamic simulation is the basic requirement for the real-time simulation. In the real-time simulation of fluid power circuits there exist numerical problems due to the software and methods used for modelling and integration. A simulation model of a fluid power circuit is typically created using differential and algebraic equations. Efficient numerical methods are required since differential equations must be solved in real time. Unfortunately, simulation software packages offer only a limited selection of numerical solvers. Numerical problems cause noise to the results, which in many cases leads the simulation run to fail. Mathematically the fluid power circuit models are stiff systems of ordinary differential equations. Numerical solution of the stiff systems can be improved by two alternative approaches. The first is to develop numerical solvers suitable for solving stiff systems. The second is to decrease the model stiffness itself by introducing models and algorithms that either decrease the highest eigenvalues or neglect them by introducing steady-state solutions of the stiff parts of the models. The thesis proposes novel methods using the latter approach. The study aims to develop practical methods usable in dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits using explicit fixed-step integration algorithms. In this thesis, twomechanisms whichmake the systemstiff are studied. These are the pressure drop approaching zero in the turbulent orifice model and the volume approaching zero in the equation of pressure build-up. These are the critical areas to which alternative methods for modelling and numerical simulation are proposed. Generally, in hydraulic power transmission systems the orifice flow is clearly in the turbulent area. The flow becomes laminar as the pressure drop over the orifice approaches zero only in rare situations. These are e.g. when a valve is closed, or an actuator is driven against an end stopper, or external force makes actuator to switch its direction during operation. This means that in terms of accuracy, the description of laminar flow is not necessary. But, unfortunately, when a purely turbulent description of the orifice is used, numerical problems occur when the pressure drop comes close to zero since the first derivative of flow with respect to the pressure drop approaches infinity when the pressure drop approaches zero. Furthermore, the second derivative becomes discontinuous, which causes numerical noise and an infinitely small integration step when a variable step integrator is used. A numerically efficient model for the orifice flow is proposed using a cubic spline function to describe the flow in the laminar and transition areas. Parameters for the cubic spline function are selected such that its first derivative is equal to the first derivative of the pure turbulent orifice flow model in the boundary condition. In the dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits, a tradeoff exists between accuracy and calculation speed. This investigation is made for the two-regime flow orifice model. Especially inside of many types of valves, as well as between them, there exist very small volumes. The integration of pressures in small fluid volumes causes numerical problems in fluid power circuit simulation. Particularly in realtime simulation, these numerical problems are a great weakness. The system stiffness approaches infinity as the fluid volume approaches zero. If fixed step explicit algorithms for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE) are used, the system stability would easily be lost when integrating pressures in small volumes. To solve the problem caused by small fluid volumes, a pseudo-dynamic solver is proposed. Instead of integration of the pressure in a small volume, the pressure is solved as a steady-state pressure created in a separate cascade loop by numerical integration. The hydraulic capacitance V/Be of the parts of the circuit whose pressures are solved by the pseudo-dynamic method should be orders of magnitude smaller than that of those partswhose pressures are integrated. The key advantage of this novel method is that the numerical problems caused by the small volumes are completely avoided. Also, the method is freely applicable regardless of the integration routine applied. The superiority of both above-mentioned methods is that they are suited for use together with the semi-empirical modelling method which necessarily does not require any geometrical data of the valves and actuators to be modelled. In this modelling method, most of the needed component information can be taken from the manufacturer’s nominal graphs. This thesis introduces the methods and shows several numerical examples to demonstrate how the proposed methods improve the dynamic simulation of various hydraulic circuits.

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The objective of this thesis is to define supply management capability. The thesis study what factors consist of supply management capability, and which of those factors are critical to achieving competitive advantage. One objective is also to study how firms can measure their supply management capability. This study is a qualitative research. The thesis examines the literature regarding to supply management and the context of capability and there are used Delphi panel to examine the current and future insights of supply management professionals concerning of supply management skills and capability. The empirical data of the thesis was collected by interviews. The Delphi panel was used in data collection and analysis and for prioritization of the factors of supply management capability. The thesis includes lists of factors of supply management capability. Main findings of the study were that there is no one clear, generally suitable set of supply management skills which bring competitive advantage for all firms and the most important factors of supply management capability, according to the experts, are total cost analysis, customer focus, general business view, market knowledge and supplier relationships. In this study the supply management capability is defined as organization’s overall capacity and ability to achieve a holistic understanding of purchasing needs, manage its suppliers and collaborative partners, and conduct its internal tasks, routines and responsibilities in a way that achieves desired results. The results of this thesis show also that Finnish firms need more right kind of supply management knowledge.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Seloste artikkelista: Repola, J. 2009. Biomass equations for Scots pine and Norway spruce in Finland. Silva Fennica 43 (4) : 625–647.

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Seloste artikkelista: Operational efficiency and damage to sawlogs by feed rollers of the harvester head / Yrjö Nuutinen ... [et al.] - Julkaisussa: Silva Fennica 44 (2010) : 1, s. 121-139.

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Vastine Jaakko Anhavan kirjoitukseen: Linkolan eksymys (Tieteessä tapahtuu 2/2011).

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7. Gerontologian päivät Kuopiossa 15. -17.4.2010.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu