Genuskongruens på reträtt : variation i nominalfrasen i Kvevlaxdialekten

I sin avhandling studerar Viveca Rabb grammatiskt genus i Kvevlaxdialekten i Österbotten. Det traditionella tregenussystemet med maskulinum (t.ex. hande biilin 'den där bilen'), femininum (t.ex. honde såjen 'den där sågen') och neutrum (hede epłe 'det där äpplet') befinner sig i förändring. Rabb fokuserar i sin avhandling på den bestämda slutartikeln och på fem pronomen, nämligen honde/hande 'den där', miin/menn 'min', eron/eran 'er' in tołonde/in tołinde 'en sån där' samt naon/nain 'någon'. Förändringarna i genussystemet diskuteras genom en analys av rapporterat språkbeteende i byarna Kvevlax, Koskö, Vassor och Västerhankmo i nuvarande Korsholm, och med hjälp av grammatisk teori och språksociologi. Informanterna hör till tre olika åldersgrupper: födda ca 1920, 1950 och 1980. Metoden är främst kvantitativ och inbegriper statistisk testning. Undersökningen visar att äldre, lägre utbildade och stationära informanter använde feminint genus mera än yngre, högre utbildade informanter som pendlar till sitt arbete. Informanternas hemby hade betydelse vid bevarandet av feminint (men inte maskulint) genus, medan deras kön inte hade någon påvisbar betydelse. Analysen visar även hur substantivböjningen har betydelse vid val av pronomenvariant (maskulin, feminin eller neutral), men att användningen av den bestämda slutartikeln som ledtråd till genus ändå tycks vara på tillbakagång, och då främst vid orden med den bestämda slutartikeln -en (t.ex. handen). Detta gynnar maskulint genus (hande) på bekostnad av feminint genus (honde). Konkreta substantiv bevarar vidare feminint genus bättre än abstrakta. Suffixet -ingg verkar kopplas samman med feminint genus, medan suffixen -heit och -els kopplas till maskulint genus. Det semantiska fältet träd har å sin sida betydelse främst i de byar (Vassor och Västerhankmo) där ledtrådar från substantivböjningen saknas. Resultaten ger sålunda en bild av ett samspel mellan överlappande ledtrådar i ett system där kongruensen på pronomenen minskar och användningen av feminint genus avtar.

Of pearls and pigs : a conceptual-semantic Tiernet approach to formal representation of structure and variation of phraseological units

"Helmiä sioille", pärlor för svin, säger man på finska om någonting bra och fint som tas emot av en mottagare som inte vill eller har ingen förmåga att förstå, uppskatta eller utnyttja hela den potential som finns hos det mottagna föremålet, är ointresserad av den eller gillar den inte. För sådana relativt stabila flerordiga uttryck, som är lagrade i språkbrukarnas minnen och som demonstrerar olika slags oregelbundna drag i sin struktur använder man inom lingvistiken bl.a. termerna "idiom" eller "fraseologiska enheter". Som en oregelbundenhet kan man t.ex. beskriva det faktum att betydelsen hos uttrycket inte är densamma som man skulle komma till ifall man betraktade det som en vanlig regelbunden fras. En annan oregelbundenhet, som idiomforskare har observerat, ligger i den begränsade förmågan att varieras i form och betydelse, som många idiom har jämfört med regelbundna fraser. Därför talas det ofta om "grundform" och "grundbetydelse" hos idiom och variationen avses som avvikelse från dessa. Men när man tittar på ett stort antal förekomstexempel av idiom i språkbruk, märker man att många av dem tillåter variation, t.o.m. i sådan utsträckning att gränserna mellan en variant och en "grundform" suddas ut, och istället för ett idiom råkar vi plötsligt på en "familj" av flera besläktade uttryck. Allt detta väcker frågan om hur dessa uttryck egentligen ska vara representerade i språket. I avhandlingen utförs en kritisk granskning av olika tidigare tillvägagångssätt att beskriva fraseologiska enheter i syfte att klargöra vilka svårigheter deras struktur och variation erbjuder för den lingvistiska teorin. Samtidigt presenteras ett alternativt sätt att beskriva dessa uttryck. En systematisk och formell modell som utvecklas i denna avhandling integrerar en beskrivning av idiom på många olika språkliga nivåer och skildrar deras variation i form av ett nätverk och som ett resultat av samspel mellan idiomets struktur och kontexter där det förekommer, samt av interaktion med andra fasta uttryck. Modellen bygger på en fördjupande, språkbrukbaserad analys av det finska idiomet "X HEITTÄÄ HELMIÄ SIOILLE" (X kastar pärlor för svin).

Orthogonal function method in modelling paper web quality variation

This work is devoted to the analysis of signal variation of the Cross-Direction and Machine-Direction measurements from paper web. The data that we possess comes from the real paper machine. Goal of the work is to reconstruct the basis weight structure of the paper and to predict its behaviour to the future. The resulting synthetic data is needed for simulation of paper web. The main idea that we used for describing the basis weight variation in the Cross-Direction is Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) algorithm, which is closely related to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Signal forecasting in time is based on Time-Series analysis. Two principal mathematical procedures that we used in the work are Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) modelling and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process.

Phenolics of the Inner Bark of Silver Birch: Characterization and Intraspecific Variation

This thesis describes work related to the in-depth characterization of the phenolic compounds of silver birch (Betula pendula) inner bark. Phenolic compounds are the most ubiquitous class of plant secondary compounds. The unifying feature of this structurally diverse group is an aromatic ring containing at least one hydroxyl group. Due to the structural diversity, phenolics have various roles in the plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, they can confer several health-promoting properties to humans. Furthermore, the structural diversity of this class of compounds causes challenges for their analysis. The study species in the present work, silver birch, is economically the most important hard wood species in northern Europe. Its inner bark contains a high level of phenolic compounds and it has shown one of the strongest antioxidant activities among 92 Finnish plant materials. The literature review surveys the diversity and organ specific distribution of phenolic compounds in silver birch as well as the proposed ecological functions of phenolic compounds in nature. In addition, the basis for the characterization of phenolics by mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) are reviewed. The objective of the experimental work was to extract, purify, characterize, and quantify the inner bark phenolic compounds. Overall 36 compounds were characterized by MS and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). 24 compounds were isolated and their structures confirmed by NMR and CD spectroscopy. Five novel natural compounds were identified. Special emphasis was placed on the establishment of a method for the characterization of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was utilized because of its high resolution power and predictable elution order of oligomeric and polymeric PAs according to an increasing degree of polymerization. The combination of HILIC and high-resolution MS detection allowed the identification of procyanidin (PC) polymers up to the degree of polymerization of 22. In addition, a series of oligomeric and polymeric PC monoxylosides were observed for the first time in nature. Season and genotype influenced the quantities of the main inner bark phenolics, yet qualitative differences were not observed. However, manual wounding of the inner bark induced the production of ellagitannins (ETs) in the wounded tissues, i.e. callus. Since ETs were not detected in the intact inner bark, this finding may reflect the capacity of silver birch to exploit ellagitannins in its defense.

Phase variation in Flavobacterium psychrophilum : influence on host-pathogen interactions

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Seasonal variation in migratory body condition, corticosterone secretion, oxidative stress and biotransformation activity in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica L.)

I studied the associations between migration-related physiological regulation (corticosterone) and body condition of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica L.). An additional purpose was to determine whether oxidative stress and biotransformation activity vary seasonally. Since physiological regulation, biotransformation activity and the stress involved may be important factors for body condition during migration; they may have direct effects on migration success. This in turn may influence other important life history stages, such as breeding and moult. In the thesis I used barn swallow data of the Finnish Ringing Centre (1997–2009), consisting of all juveniles ringed in the nests and recaptured from night roosts later the same autumn. Before the autumn migration in Finland I also captured, ringed and sampled barn swallows from night roosts in 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2011. Samples preceding spring migration in South Africa were collected in 2007. Juvenile barn swallows started to migrate southward in mid-August (first broods). Second broods started their migration at a younger age and almost a month later than first broods (mid-September). Barn swallows increased body mass and accumulated fat for the autumn migration. In the course of the autumn they seemed to be able to prevent the loss of energy already accumulated, since the proportional overnight mass loss, fat loss and faecal production decreased. Surprisingly, corticosterone, the major energy-regulating hormone in birds, seemed not to be involved in the fuelling process. Previous studies with warblers, sparrows and shorebirds had shown that during migration, the baseline levels of corticosterone were elevated in order to facilitate fuelling. It is possible that for Finnish barn swallows the most important fuelling place is in southern Europe, since northern and eastern populations migrate via the Balkan Peninsula. However, the adrenocortical stress response of Finnish barn swallows in good body condition was lower than that of those in poor body condition. Birds clearly suppressed the response, probably to prevent the catabolic effects of excessive corticosterone levels; birds cannot afford to lose muscle mass before migration. South African barn swallows had high levels of baseline corticosterone, but this may have been associated with the high oxidative damage and biotransformation activity of those birds. Barn swallows in spring and summer had low biotransformation activity and intermediate oxidative stress, which was probably related to breeding. Autumn birds had low biotransformation activity and oxidative stress but high redox enzyme activities in some migration-related enzymes.

A chart of the southern part of South America : with the track of the centurion from the island of St. Catherines to the island of Juan Fernandes in which is inserted the variation and soundings observ'd on board her, together with her deviation from her estimated course in passing round Cap Horn, occasiond by the force of the currents / R. W. Seale sculp

Nimeketiedot nimiönkehyksissä

Fabrication additive ou Impression 3D. Aperçus sur une variation terminographique

Materiaalia lisäävä valmistus eli 3D-tulostus on valmistusmenetelmä, jossa kappale tehdään 3D-mallin pohjalta materiaalikerroksia lisäämällä, käyttäen useita tekniikoita ja materiaaleja. Menetelmää sovelletaan useilla teollisuuden aloilla. Lisääviä valmistustekniikoita on kehitetty 1990-luvun alkupuolelta lähtien, ja ne monipuolistuvat jatkuvasti. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tutkitaan sovellusalan terminologian kehitystä vertailevilla menetelmillä ja luodaan kolmikielinen sanasto alan asiantuntijoille, joita edustaa Suomessa FIRPA ry. Sanaston kielet ovat englanti, ranska ja suomi. Terminologian tutkimus on perinteisesti keskittynyt sanastotyöhön ja käsiteanalyysiin, sen sijaan termihistorian tutkimus on ollut vähäisempää. Tässä työssä on tehty vertailevaa termitutkimusta sekä sanastotyön että termihistorian näkökulmista. Vertailutasoja ovat termien merkityksen muuttuminen, vertailu pivot-kielen suhteen ja kielikohtaisten ominaisuuksien tarkastelu termien muotoutumisessa. Tutkittavia asioita ovat sanastokäsitteiden väliset suhteet, synonyymien, varianttien ja uudissanojen moninaisuus, ja termien yleiskielistyminen. Samalla pohditaan muita termien muuttumiseen vaikuttavia syita. Tärkeimpänä lähteenä käytetään Wohlersin vuosiraportteja, jotka kuvaavat kattavasti koko teollisuudenalaa. Koska englannin pivot-vaikutus on voimakasta teknisillä aloilla, omankielisen terminologian kehittyminen vaatii tietoista terminologiatyötä ja aktiivista omankielisten termien käyttöä. Terminologian vakiintumista voidaan arvioida termivarianttien ja uudissanojen määristä, sekä termien yleiskielistymisestä. Terminologia muuttuu jatkuvasti toimialan kehittyessä ja vaatii säännöllistä päivittämistä. Termihistorian tunteminen tukee sanastotyön termivalintoja. Alan asiantuntijat ovat vastuussa omasta terminologiastaan, ja heidän aktiivisuutensa on tärkeää sen kehittämisessä. Toteutettu sanasto on tämän pro gradu -tutkielman liitteenä ja se julkaistaan myös FIRPA ry:n Internet-sivustolla. Suomenkielinen osio sanastosta on ensimmäinen laaja suomeksi julkaistu materiaalia lisäävän valmistuksen sanasto.

Spatial and temporal variation in fish populations and assemblages in coastal waters of the northern Baltic Proper

The distribution and traits of fish are of interest both ecologically and socio-economically. In this thesis, phenotypic and structural variation in fish populations and assemblages was studied on multiple spatial and temporal scales in shallow coastal areas in the archipelago of the northern Baltic Proper. In Lumparn basin in Åland Islands, the fish assemblage displayed significant seasonal variation in depth zone distribution. The results indicate that investigating both spatial and temporal variation in small scale is crucial for understanding patterns in fish distribution and community structure in large scale. The local population of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis L displayed habitat-specific morphological and dietary variation. Perch in the pelagic zone were on average deeper in their body shape than the littoral ones and fed on fish and benthic invertebrates. The results differ from previous studies conducted in freshwater habitats, where the pelagic perch typically are streamlined in body shape and zooplanktivorous. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen differed between perch with different stomach contents, suggesting differentiation of individual diet preferences. In the study areas Lumparn and Ivarskärsfjärden in Åland Islands and Galtfjärden in Swedish east coast, the development in fish assemblages during the 2000’s indicated a general shift towards higher abundances of small-bodied lower-order consumers, especially cyprinids. For European pikeperch Sander lucioperca L., recent declines in adult fish abundances and high mortalities (Z = 1.06–1.16) were observed, which suggests unsustainably high fishing pressure on pikeperch. Based on the results it can be hypothesized that fishing has reduced the abundances of large predatory fish, which together with bottom-up forcing by eutrophication has allowed the lower-order consumer species to increase in abundances. This thesis contributes to the scientific understanding of aquatic ecosystems with new descriptions on morphological and dietary adaptations in perch in brackish water, and on the seasonal variation in small-scale spatial fish distribution. The results also demonstrate anthropogenic effects on coastal fish communities and underline the urgency of further reducing nutrient inputs and regulating fisheries in the Baltic Sea region.

Spatiotemporal Features of Coastal Waters in Southwest Finland

In coastal waters, physico-chemical and biological properties and constituents vary at different time scales. In the study area of this thesis, within the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic Sea, seasonal cycles of light and temperature set preconditions for intra-annual variations, but developments at other temporal scales occur as well. Weather-induced runoffs and currents may alter water properties over the short term, and the consequences over time of eutrophication and global changes are to a degree unpredictable. The dynamic characteristics of northern Baltic Sea waters are further diversified at the archipelago coasts. Water properties may differ in adjacent basins, which are separated by island and underwater thresholds limiting water exchange, making the area not only a mosaic of islands but also one of water masses. Long-term monitoring and in situ observations provide an essential data reserve for coastal management and research. Since the seasonal amplitudes of water properties are so high, inter-annual comparisons of water-quality variables have to be based on observations sampled at the same time each year. In this thesis I compare areas by their temporal characteristics, using both inter-annual and seasonal data. After comparing spatial differences in seasonal cycles, I conclude that spatial comparisons and temporal generalizations have to be made with caution. In classifying areas by the state of their waters, the results may be biased even if the sampling is annually simultaneous, since the dynamics of water properties may vary according to the area. The most comprehensive view of the spatiotemporal dynamics of water properties would be achieved by means of comparisons with data consisting of multiple annual samples. For practical reasons, this cannot be achieved with conventional in situ sampling. A holistic understanding of the spatiotemporal features of the water properties of the Archipelago Sea will have to be based on the application of multiple methods, complementing each other’s spatial and temporal coverage. The integration of multi-source observational data and time-series analysis may be methodologically challenging, but it will yield new information as to the spatiotemporal regime of the Archipelago Sea.

Influence of Travelling Current Linkage Harmonics on Inductance Variation, Torque Ripple and Sensorless Capability of Tooth-Coil Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

This paper introduces an important source of torque ripple in PMSMs with tooth-coil windings (TC-PMSMs). It is theoretically proven that saturation and cross-saturation phenomena caused by the non-synchronous harmonics of the stator current linkage cause a synchronous inductance variation with a particular periodicity. This, in turn, determines the magnitude of the torque ripple and can also deteriorate the performance of signal-injection-based rotor position estimation algorithms. An improved dq- inductance model is proposed. It can be used in torque ripple reduction control schemes and can enhance the self-sensing capabilities of TC-PMSMs

Detection, Identification and Molecular Variation of Human Enteroviruses

Picornaviruses are the most common human viruses and the identification of the picornaviruses is nowadays based on molecular techniques, for example, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One aim of this thesis was to improve the identification of picornaviruses, especially rhino- and enteroviruses, with a real-time assay format and, also, to improve the differentiation of the viruses with genus-specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes. Another aim was to identify and study the causative agent of the enterovirus epidemics that appeared in Finland during seasons 2008-2010. In this thesis, the first version of picornavirus qRT-PCR with a melting curve analysis was used in a study of rhinovirus transmission within families with a rhinovirus positive index child where rhinovirus infection was monitored in all family members. In conclusion, rhinoviruses spread effectively within families causing mostly symptomatic infections in children and asymptomatic infections in adults. To improve the differentiation between rhino- and enterovirus the picornavirus qRT-PCR was modified with LNA-incorporated probes. The LNA probes were validated with picornavirus prototypes and different clinical specimen types. The LNA probe-based picornavirus qRT-PCR was able to differentiate all rhino- and enteroviruses correctly, which makes it suitable for diagnostic use. Moreover, in this thesis enterovirus outbreaks were studied with a well-observed method to create a strain-specific qRT-PCR from the typing region VP1 protein. In a hand-foot-and-mouth-disease (HFMD) outbreak in 2008, the causative agent was identified as CV-A6 and when the molecular evolution of the new HFMD CV-A6 strain was studied it was found that CV-A6 was the emerging agent for HFMD and onychomadesis. Furthermore, unusual E-30 meningitis epidemics that apeared during seasons 2009 and 2010 were studied with strain-specific qRT-PCR. The E-30 affected mostly adolescents and was probably spread in sports teams.