Involving employees in six sigma

Six sigma is a quality improvement philosophy with systematic and formal approach. In order to successfully implement and utilize six sigma the basic disciplines of it should be adopted by the entire organization. Furthermore, employee involvement is crucial in six sigma implementation. This thesis addresses the challenges of long-lasting involvement in the case company. It focuses on gaps of involving six sigma trained employees, Black Belts. Theoretical framework of the thesis illustrates different factors influencing employee involvement. Influencing factors can be divided into ten categories: organizational culture, managerial commitment, leadership style, employee empowerment, employees’ perceptions, communication, training, goals, performance measurement and incentives. Factors and categories overlap and are related to each other. The framework provides holistic view of employee involvement in six sigma context but can be used also with other quality management philosophies. This thesis was conducted as a case study and written on an assignment to a power and automation technology company. Due to the nature of research problem, the data collection was conducted by interviewing case company personnel. In order to study involvement from employees’ point of view interview questions were designed to be open-ended and to allow the interviewees to tell freely about the phenomenon. This thesis provides empirical support on previous studies in organizational support, management commitment and employee empowerment. In addition, it indicates the importance of separate function for Black Belts in the organization. The gaps in Black Belt involvement can be categorized under two categories: Management driven gaps are related to management commitment, organizational structure and culture and information systems. Black Belt driven gaps are related to practice and effort of using six sigma. This thesis finds solutions for bridging these gaps in the case company by applying findings from literature research and suggestions given by the interviewees. For each gap, actions are suggested for bridging the discrepancy between current and desired situations. The thesis states that in order to embed six sigma in the organization the most crucial gaps, lack of management commitment, six sigma vision and possibilities to use six sigma, should be diminished.

Datenherrschaft – an Ethically Justified Solution to the Problem of Ownership of Patient Information

Patient information systems are crucial components for the modern healthcare and medicine. It is obvious that without them the healthcare cannot function properly – one can try to imagine how brain surgery could be done without using information systems to gather and show information needed for an operation. Thus, it can be stated that digital information is irremovable part of modern healthcare. However, the legal ownership of patient information lacks a coherent and justified basis. The whole issue itself is actually bypassed by controlling pa- tient information with different laws and regulations how patient information can be used and by whom. Nonetheless, the issue itself – who owns the patient in- formation – is commonly missed or bypassed. This dissertation show the problems if the legislation of patient information ownership is not clear. Without clear legislation, the outcome can be unexpected like it seems to be in Finland, Sweden and United Kingdom: the lack of clear regulation has come up with unwanted consequences because of problematic Eu- ropean Union database directive implementation in those countries. The legal ownership is actually granted to the creators of databases which contains the pa- tient information, and this is not a desirable situation. In healthcare and medicine, we are dealing with issues such as life, health and information which are very sensitive and in many cases very personal. Thus, this dissertation leans on four philosophical theories form Locke, Kant, Heidegger and Rawls to have an ethically justified basis for regulating the patient infor- mation in a proper way. Because of the problems of property and ownership in the context of information, a new concept is needed and presented to replace the concept of owning, that concept being Datenherrschaft (eng. mastery over in- formation). Datenherrschaft seems to be suitable for regulating patient infor- mation because its core is the protection of one’s right over information and this aligns with the work of the philosophers whose theories are used in the work. The philosophical argumentation of this study shows that Datenherrschaft granted to the patients is ethically acceptable. It supports the view that patient should be controlling the patient information about themselves unless there are such specific circumstance that justifies the authorities to use patient information to protect other people’s basic rights. Thus, if the patients would be legally grant- ed Datenherrschaft over patient information we would endorse patients as indi- viduals who have their own and personal experience of their own life and have a strong stance against any unjustified paternalism in healthcare. Keywords: patient information, ownership, Datenherrschaft, ethics, Locke, Kant, Heidegger, Rawls

Involving employees in six sigma

Six sigma is a quality improvement philosophy with systematic and formal approach. In order to successfully implement and utilize six sigma the basic disciplines of it should be adopted by the entire organization. Furthermore, employee involvement is crucial in six sigma implementation. This thesis addresses the challenges of long-lasting involvement in the case company. It focuses on gaps of involving six sigma trained employees, Black Belts. Theoretical framework of the thesis illustrates different factors influencing employee involvement. Influencing factors can be divided into ten categories: organizational culture, managerial commitment, leadership style, employee empowerment, employees’ perceptions, communication, training, goals, performance measurement and incentives. Factors and categories overlap and are related to each other. The framework provides holistic view of employee involvement in six sigma context but can be used also with other quality management philosophies. This thesis was conducted as a case study and written on an assignment to a power and automation technology company. Due to the nature of research problem, the data collection was conducted by interviewing case company personnel. In order to study involvement from employees’ point of view interview questions were designed to be open-ended and to allow the interviewees to tell freely about the phenomenon. This thesis provides empirical support on previous studies in organizational support, management commitment and employee empowerment. In addition, it indicates the importance of separate function for Black Belts in the organization. The gaps in Black Belt involvement can be categorized under two categories: Management driven gaps are related to management commitment, organizational structure and culture and information systems. Black Belt driven gaps are related to practice and effort of using six sigma. This thesis finds solutions for bridging these gaps in the case company by applying findings from literature research and suggestions given by the interviewees. For each gap, actions are suggested for bridging the discrepancy between current and desired situations. The thesis states that in order to embed six sigma in the organization the most crucial gaps, lack of management commitment, six sigma vision and possibilities to use six sigma, should be diminished.

Brändin vahvistaminen ja uudistaminen kiinteistönvälitysalalla

Tutkimus keskittyy brändin luomiseen ja brändin kokonaisvaltaisen hallinnan keinoihin kiinteistönvälitysalalla. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää miten yritykset hyödyntävät brändipääomiaan brändiä vahvistettaessa ja uudistettaessa. Tätä kysymystä pyritään tarkastelemaan erityisesti kahden case-yhtiön näkökulmasta, jotka molemmat toimivat kiinteistönvälitysalalla. Tutkimuksen pääongelmaksi muodostui kysymys: ”Mitä tekijöitä tulisi huomioida brändipääoman vahvistamisessa ja uudistamisessa kiinteistönvälitysalalla toimivissa yrityksissä?”. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen eli kvalitatiivinen tutkimus. Laadullinen tutkimus pohjaa läheisesti teorian ja empirian väliseen vuorovaikutukseen ja sen lähtökohtana on pyrkiä kuvaamaan tutkimuskysymystä kokonaisvaltaisesti. Laadullisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös löytää tai tuoda esille tosiasioita sen sijaan, että todennettaisiin jo olemassa olevia väittämiä (Hirsijärvi, Remes & Sajavaara 2000, 152). Tutkimusmetodina aineiston keräämisessä käytettiin tutkimushaastattelua, joka toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena. Tapaustutkimukselle tyypillisesti haastattelu oli puolistrukturoitu, joten haastateltavat vastasivat tutkijan esittämiin kysymyksiin, jotka olivat samat molemmille haastateltaville, mutta keskustelua ei rajoitettu. Huoneistokeskuksen edustajan mukaan brändejä pitää tarpeen tullen uudistaa, mutta se ei saa olla itsetarkoituksena. Mikäli brändi on brändijohtaja alallaan, ei suuria muutoksia kannata lähteä tekemään vain tekemisen vuoksi, vaan niille pitää olla jokin selvä tarkoitus. Brändin viestin vahvistaminen onkin brändijohtajana toimivalle yritykselle usein parempi ratkaisu, kuin toimivan konseptin uudistaminen. Huoneistokeskus pyrkiikin varmistamaan sen, että brändin viesti ei pääse unohtumaan asiakkailta. Huom!:in liiketoimintajohtajan mukaan brändiä uudistettaessa on tärkeää, että brändiä konkreettisesti muutetaan. Huom! onkin tästä syystä positioinut itsensä aikaisemmasta poiketen edelläkävijäksi pitkäikäisyyden painottamisen sijaan. Huom! on myös painottanut entistä enemmän laadukkuuttaan ja avoimuuttaan ja nämä pyritään osoittamaan verkkosivujen asiakasarvosteluilla. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että molemmat yritykset pitävät kaikkia brändipääomatekijöitä tärkeinä kiinteistönvälitysalalla. Tästä huolimatta brändiä vahvistettaessa Huoneistokeskuksen edustaja oli sitä mieltä, että tärkeintä on keskittyä brändin tunnettuuteen. Huom!:in edustaja sen sijaan oli sitä mieltä, että brändiä uudistettaessa tärkeintä on keskittyä laadun tuottamiseen ja yhdistämään tämä myös mielleyhtymäksi. Haastateltavia oli kuitenkin vain kaksi, joten tutkimuksen johtopäätöksiä ei voida yleistää koskemaan koko toimialaa.

Exploring knowledge worker motivation in autonomous and interdependent problem solving tasks on virtual platforms

The objective of this study is to understand why virtual knowledge workers conduct autonomous tasks and interdependent problem solving tasks on virtual platforms. The study is qualitative case study including three case organizations that tap the knowledge of expert networks, and utilize virtual platforms in the work processes. Research data includes 15 interviews, that is, five experts from each case company. According to the findings there are some specific characteristics in motivation to work on tasks on online platforms. Autonomy, self-improvement, meaningful tasks, knowledge sharing, time management, variety of contacts, and variety of tasks, and projects motivate virtual knowledge workers. Factors that may enhance individuals’ engagement to work on tasks are trust, security of continuous task flow and income, feedback, meaningful tasks and tasks that contribute to self-improvement, flexibility and effectiveness in time management, and virtual tools that support social interaction. The results also indicate that there are some differences in individuals’ motivation based on the tasks’ nature. That is, knowledge sharing and variety of contacts motivated experts who worked on interdependent problem solving tasks. Then again, autonomy and variety of tasks motivated experts who worked on autonomous tasks.