Foucault ja feministinen teoria estetiikan näkökulmasta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Äitiyden ja sukupuolen vaihtuvat kuviot : Nancy Chodorovin teoria feministisen kritiikin kaleidoskoopissa

Engl. summaryn korjaus // Naistutkimus 8 (1995) : 2 s. 45.

Proactive and Preventive Student Welfare Activities in Finnish Preschool and Elementary School: Handling of Transition to Formal Schooling and a National Anti-Bullying Program as Examples

Prerequisites and effects of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish preschool and elementary school were of interest in the present thesis. So far, Finnish student welfare work has mainly focused on interventions and individuals, and the voluminous possibilities to enhance well-being of all students as a part of everyday school work have not been fully exploited. Consequently, in this thesis three goals were set: (1) To present concrete examples of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish basic education; (2) To investigate measurable positive effects of proactive and preventive activities; and (3) To investigate implementation of proactive and preventive activities in ecological contexts. Two prominent phenomena in preschool and elementary school years—transition to formal schooling and school bullying—were chosen as examples of critical situations that are appropriate targets for proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities. Until lately, the procedures concerning both school transitions and school bullying have been rather problem-focused and reactive in nature. Theoretically, we lean on the bioecological model of development by Bronfenbrenner and Morris with concentric micro-, meso-, exo- and macrosystems. Data were drawn from two large-scale research projects, the longitudinal First Steps Study: Interactive Learning in the Child–Parent– Teacher Triangle, and the Evaluation Study of the National Antibullying Program KiVa. In Study I, we found that the academic skills of children from preschool–elementary school pairs that implemented several supportive activities during the preschool year developed more quickly from preschool to Grade 1 compared with the skills of children from pairs that used fewer practices. In Study II, we focused on possible effects of proactive and preventive actions on teachers and found that participation in the KiVa antibullying program influenced teachers‘ self-evaluated competence to tackle bullying. In Studies III and IV, we investigated factors that affect implementation rate of these proactive and preventive actions. In Study III, we found that principal‘s commitment and support for antibullying work has a clear-cut positive effect on implementation adherence of student lessons of the KiVa antibullying program. The more teachers experience support for and commitment to anti-bullying work from their principal, the more they report having covered KiVa student lessons and topics. In Study IV, we wanted to find out why some schools implement several useful and inexpensive transition practices, whereas other schools use only a few of them. We were interested in broadening the scope and looking at local-level (exosystem) qualities, and, in fact, the local-level activities and guidelines, along with teacherreported importance of the transition practices, were the only factors significantly associated with the implementation rate of transition practices between elementary schools and partner preschools. Teacher- and school-level factors available in this study turned out to be mostly not significant. To summarize, the results confirm that school-based promotion and prevention activities may have beneficial effects not only on students but also on teachers. Second, various top-down processes, such as engagement at the level of elementary school principals or local administration may enhance implementation of these beneficial activities. The main message is that when aiming to support the lives of children the primary focus should be on adults. In future, promotion of psychosocial well-being and the intrinsic value of inter- and intrapersonal skills need to be strengthened in the Finnish educational systems. Future research efforts in student welfare and school psychology, as well as focused training for psychologists in educational contexts, should be encouraged in the departments of psychology and education in Finnish universities. Moreover, a specific research centre for school health and well-being should be established.

Formal development and quantitative verification of dependable systems

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Theorizing Formal and Informal Feedback Practices in Management Accounting Through Three Dimensions

The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to widen and develop our theoretical frameworks for discussion and analyses of feedback practices in management accounting, particularly shedding light on its formal and informal aspects. The concept of feedback in management accounting has conventionally been analyzed within cybernetic control theory, in which feedback flows as a diagnostic or comparative loop between measurable outputs and pre-set goals (see e.g. Flamholtz et al. 1985; Flamholtz 1996, 1983), i.e. as a formal feedback loop. However, the everyday feedback practices in organizations are combinations of formal and informal elements. In addition to technique-driven feedback approaches (like budgets, measurement, and reward systems) we could also categorize social feedback practices that managers see relevant and effective in the pursuit of organizational control. While cybernetics or control theories successfully capture rational and measured aspects of organizational performance and offer a broad organizational context for the analysis, many individual and informal aspects remain vague and isolated. In order to discuss and make sense of the heterogeneous field of interpretations of formal and informal feedback, both in theory and practice, dichotomous approaches seem to be insufficient. Therefore, I suggest an analytical framework of formal and informal feedback with three dimensions (3D’s): source, time, and rule. Based on an abductive analysis of the theoretical and empirical findings from an interpretive case study around a business unit called Division Steelco, the 3Dframework and formal and informal feedback practices are further elaborated vis-á-vis the four thematic layers in the organizational control model by Flamholtz et al. (1985; Flamholtz 1996, 1983): core control system, organizational structure, organizational culture, and external environment. Various personal and cultural meanings given to the formal and informal feedback practices (“feedback as something”) create multidimensional interpretative contexts. Multidimensional frameworks aim to capture and better understand both the variety of interpretations and their implications to the functionality of feedback practices, important in interpretive research.

Innovation in a Non-Formal Adult Education Organisation – Multi-Case Study in Four Adult Education Centres

More than ever, education organisations are experiencing the need to develop new services and processes to satisfy expanding and changing customer needs and to adapt to the environmental changes and continually tightening economic situation. Innovation has been found in many studies to have a crucial role in the success of an organisation, both in the private and public sectors, in formal education and in manufacturing and services alike. However, studies concerning innovation in non-formal adult education organisations, such as adult education centres (AECs) in Finland, are still lacking. This study investigates innovation in the non-formal adult education organisation context from the perspective of organisational culture types and social networks. The objective is to determine the significant characteristics of an innovative non-formal adult education organisation. The analysis is based on data from interviews with the principals and fulltime staff of four case AECs. Before the case study, a pre-study phase is accomplished in order to obtain a preliminary understanding of innovation at AECs. The research found strong support for the need of innovation in AECs. Innovation is basically needed to accomplish the AEC system’s primary mission mentioned in the ACT on Liberal Adult Education. In addition, innovation is regarded vital to institutes and may prevent their decline. It helps the institutes to be more attractive, to enter new market, to increase customer satisfaction and to be on the cutting edge. Innovation is also seen as a solution to the shortage of resources. Innovative AECs search actively for additional resources for development work through project funding and subsidies, cooperation networks and creating a conversational and joyful atmosphere in the institute. The findings also suggest that the culture type that supports innovation at AECs is multidimensional, with an emphasis on the clan and adhocratic culture types and such values as: dynamism, future orientation, acquiring new resources, mistake tolerance, openness, flexibility, customer orientation, a risk-taking attitude, and community spirit. Active and creative internal and external cooperation also promote innovation at AECs. This study also suggests that the behaviour of a principal is crucial. The way he or she shows appreciation the staff, encouragement and support to the staff and his or her approachability and concrete participation in innovation activities have a strong effect on innovation attitudes and activities in AECs.

Tilintarkastajan selvitys ja erityistarkastus yrityssaneerauksessa : teoria ja käytännön soveltaminen

Yrityssaneerausmenettelyn tarkoituksena on saada velkainen yritys taas tuloskuntoon toiminnan ja velkojen järjestelyn avulla. Tilintarkastajan tehtävänä tässä prosessissa on yrityssaneeraukseen haettaessa tuottaa tietoa, minkä perusteella tuomioistuin voi tehdä päätöksen siitä, onko yritys saneerauskelpoinen. Tieto tuodaan esille selvityksessä velallisen taloudellisesta tilanteesta. Lisäksi, kun yritys on päässyt yrityssaneeraukseen, tilintarkastaja tekee erityistarkastuksen eli tarkastaa yrityksen toiminnan yrityssaneerausta edeltävältä ajalta. Tämä auttaa selvittäjää päättämään jatkotoimista yrityksessä. Erityistarkastuksessa tarkastellaan etenkin sitä, onko velkojien välillä toteutunut tasapuolisuus ja onko tapahtunut rikoksia. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin, kuinka hyvin selvityksen ja erityistarkastuksen käytäntö vastaa asiantuntijoiden suosituksia. Tutkielman teoriaosassa käytettiin aineistona pääasiassa aiheeseen liittyvää lakitietoa ja erityistarkastukseen, tilintarkastukseen sekä yrityssaneeraukseen liittyvää kirjallisuutta. Empiirinen osuus toteutettiin teemahaastatteluiden avulla. Haastateltavana oli kolme aiheen tuntevaa tilintarkastajaa. Teemoina haastatteluissa olivat tilintarkastajan selvityksen ja erityistarkastuksen lisäksi tilintarkastajan rooli yrityssaneerauksessa sekä tilintarkastajan selvityksen ja erityistarkastuksen merkitys yrityssaneerauksen kannalta. Tutkimuksen tulos oli, että tilintarkastajan selvitys ja erityistarkastus käytännössä vastaavat pääosin asiantuntijoiden suosituksia. Esimerkiksi kannanottoon yrityssaneerauksen aloittamisesta suhtauduttiin suosituksissa ja empiriassa samalla tavalla. Suhtautuminen oli varovaista, sillä päätöksenteko haluttiin säilyttää tuomioistuimella. Lisäksi selvitys ja erityistarkastus olivat samantyylisiä prosesseina sekä suositusten että empirian perusteella. Tosin selvityksen tekemisestä prosessina ei ollut paljon tietoa teoriassa. Sekä selvitys että erityistarkastus alkavat toimeksiannosta sopimisella ja jatkuvat aineiston hankkimisella, jota seuraa varsinainen tarkastus. Tämän jälkeen on vuorossa raportin tai selvityksen kirjoitus. Alustava raportti tai selvitys saatetaan antaa vielä toimeksiantajalle tarkastettavaksi. Koko prosessin ajan ollaan yhteydessä selvittäjään. Sekä suosituksissa että empiriassa tuli esille lisäksi samoja tarkastustoimenpiteitä ja -kohteita. Eräs ero suositusten ja empirian välillä oli siinä, voiko sama tilintarkastaja tehdä sekä selvityksen että erityistarkastuksen. Suositusten perusteella muodostui kuva, että sama tilintarkastaja voisi tehdä molemmat. Empirian perusteella kuitenkin selvisi, että näin ei välttämättä aina tapahdu riippumattomuussyistä.

Reusable formal architectures for networked systems

Today's networked systems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. The current simulation and runtime verification techniques do not provide support for developing such systems efficiently; moreover, the reliability of the simulated/verified systems is not thoroughly ensured. To address these challenges, the use of formal techniques to reason about network system development is growing, while at the same time, the mathematical background necessary for using formal techniques is a barrier for network designers to efficiently employ them. Thus, these techniques are not vastly used for developing networked systems. The objective of this thesis is to propose formal approaches for the development of reliable networked systems, by taking efficiency into account. With respect to reliability, we propose the architectural development of correct-by-construction networked system models. With respect to efficiency, we propose reusable network architectures as well as network development. At the core of our development methodology, we employ the abstraction and refinement techniques for the development and analysis of networked systems. We evaluate our proposal by employing the proposed architectures to a pervasive class of dynamic networks, i.e., wireless sensor network architectures as well as to a pervasive class of static networks, i.e., network-on-chip architectures. The ultimate goal of our research is to put forward the idea of building libraries of pre-proved rules for the efficient modelling, development, and analysis of networked systems. We take into account both qualitative and quantitative analysis of networks via varied formal tool support, using a theorem prover the Rodin platform and a statistical model checker the SMC-Uppaal.