Experimental Studies on Non-Metallic Composite Bone Implants With a Special Reference to Staphylococcal Biofilm Infection

Non-metallic implants made of bioresorbable or biostable synthetic polymers are attractive options in many surgical procedures, ranging from bioresorbable suture anchors of arthroscopic surgery to reconstructive skull implants made of biostable fiber-reinforced composites. Among other benefits, non-metallic implants produce less interference in imaging. Bioresorbable polymer implants may be true multifunctional, serving as osteoconductive scaffolds and as matrices for simultaneous delivery of bone enhancement agents. As a major advantage for loading conditions, mechanical properties of biostable fiber-reinforced composites can be matched with those of the bone. Unsolved problems of these biomaterials are related to the risk of staphylococcal biofilm infections and to the low osteoconductivity of contemporary bioresorbable composite implants. This thesis was focused on the research and development of a multifunctional implant model with enhanced osteoconductivity and low susceptibility to infection. In addition, the experimental models for assessment, diagnostics and prophylaxis of biomaterial-related infections were established. The first experiment (Study I) established an in vitro method for simultaneous evaluation of calcium phosphate and biofilm formation on bisphenol-Aglycidyldimethacrylate and triethylenglycoldimethacrylate (BisGMA-TEGDMA) thermosets with different content of bioactive glass 45S5. The second experiment (Study II) showed no significant difference in osteointegration of nanostructured and microsized polylactide-co-glycolide/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA /β-TCP) composites in a minipig model. The third experiment (Study III) demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the novel 68Ga labelled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) CD33 related sialic-acid immunoglobulin like lectins (Siglec-9) tracer was able to detect inflammatory response to S. epidermidis and S. aureus peri-implant infections in an intraosseous polytetrafluoroethylene catheter model. In the fourth experiment (Study IV), BisGMATEGDMA thermosets coated with lactose-modified chitosan (Chitlac) and silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains in an in vitro biofilm model and showed in vivo biocompatibility in a minipig model. In the last experiment (Study V), a selective androgen modulator (SARM) released from a poly(lactide)-co-ε-caprolactone (PLCL) polymer matrix failed to produce a dose-dependent enhancement of peri-implant osteogenesis in a bone marrow ablation model.

Auringon asemaa seuraavan aurinkopaneelijärjestelmän kehittäminen

Tässä diplomityössä käsitellään Aurinkoa seuraavan aurinkopaneelijärjestelmän kehittämistä Suomen olosuhteisiin. Työ on tehty osana Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston Green Campus-projektia, jossa tarkoituksena on tuottaa yliopistolle energiaa uusiutuvilla menetelmillä ja käyttää niitä apuna tutkimuksessa sekä opetuksessa. Tavoitteena työssä on ymmärtää Auringon seuraamisen hyödyt sekä mahdolliset haitat aurinkopaneeli sovellutuksissa. Aikaisemman tutkimustiedon ollessa vähäistä, on työssä pyritty löytämään laskentamalli tuottavuuden laskentaan riippumatta siitä, missä päin maapalloa aurinkopaneelijärjestelmä sijaitsee. Työ alkaa kirjallisuustutkimuksella, jossa käydään läpi aurinkopaneelien toimintaperiaate, aurinkoenergian ja auringonpaistetuntien suuruusluokat Suomessa, sekä Suomen sääoloista johtuvat vaatimukset aurinkopaneelijärjestelmille. Tämän jälkeen on vertailtu kaupallisia järjestelmiä. Lopuksi järjestelmällistä tuotesuunnittelua hyväksikäyttäen suunnitellaan oma versio Aurinkoa seuraavasta aurinkopaneelijärjestelmästä. Oman suunnitelman järkevyyttä simuloidaan pienoismallilla Matlab-Arduino ympäristössä ja pyritään löytämään mahdollisia heikkouksia. Suomessa aurinkoenergiasta 90 % saadaan maalis – syyskuun aikana. Nykyisillä akkujärjestelmillä aurinkoenergia Suomessa ei sovellu kuin täydentäväksi energianlähteeksi. Aurinkoa seuraamalla voidaan saavuttaa 25-30 % tuottavuuden lisäys kesäaikana verrattuna staattiseen järjestelmään. Talvella hyöty tippuu 0-10 % luokkaan. Pienoismallilla simuloidut ohjaustavat osoittivat, että Aurinkoa on mahdollista seurata ilman sensoreita laskemalla Auringon paikka tähtitieteen kaavoista.

Benefits of gas driven ground source heat pump systems

This thesis studies energy efficiencies and technical properties of gas driven ground source heat pumps and pump systems. The research focuses on two technologies: gas engine driven compressor heat pump and thermally driven gas absorption heat pump. System consist of a gas driven compressor or absorption ground source heat pump and a gas condensing boiler, which covers peak load. The reference system is a standard electrically powered compressor heat pump with electric heating elements for peak load. The systems are compared through primary energy ratios. Coefficient of performances of different heat pump technologies are also compared. At heat pump level, gas driven heat pumps are having lower coefficient of performances as compared with corresponding electric driven heat pump. However, gas heat pumps are competitive when primary energy ratios, where electricity production losses are counted in, are compared. Technically, gas heat pumps can potentially achieve a slightly higher temperatures with greater total energy efficiency as compared to the electric driven heat pump. The primary energy ratios of gas heat pump systems in relation to EHP-system improves when the share of peak load increases. Electric heat pump system's overall energy efficiency is heavily dependent on the electricity production efficiency. Economy as well as CO2-emissions were not examined in this thesis, which however, would be good topics for further study.

Radioaktiivisen päästön ennustaminen valmiustilanteessa

Ydinvoimaloissa käytetään toiminnallisia syvyyssuuntaisia puolustustasoja ydinturvallisuuden varmistamiseksi. Puolustuksen viidennessä ja viimeisessä tasossa pyritään lieventämään vakavan onnettomuuden ympäristövaikutuksia ja väestöön kohdistuvaa säteilyaltistusta. Suojelutoimien onnistumisen kannalta on tärkeää pystyä arvioimaan etukäteen radioaktiivisen päästön suuruus ja ajankohta mahdollisimman tarkasti. Tässä diplomityössä on esitelty radioaktiivisen päästön suuruuteen ja ajankohtaan vaikuttavat ilmiöt sekä niihin liittyvät merkittävät epävarmuudet. Ydinvoimalaitosten turvallisuusjärjestelmien osalta tarkastelun kohteena ovat suomalaiset käynnissä olevat reaktorit Olkiluoto 1 & 2 sekä Loviisa 1 & 2. Kaikissa Suomen laitoksissa on käytössä vakavan onnettomuuden hallintaan soveltuvia järjestelmiä ja toimintoja. Työssä etsittiin tietoa eri maiden radioaktiivisen päästön ennustamiseen käytettävistä ohjelmista. Eri mailla on eri toimintaperiaatteilla ja laajuuksilla toimivia ohjelmia. Osassa työkaluja käytetään ennalta laskettuja tuloksia ja osassa onnettomuustilanteet lasketaan onnettomuuden aikana. Lisäksi lähivuosina Euroopassa on tavoitteena kehittää yhteistyömaille yhteisiä valmiuskäyttöön soveltuvia ohjelmia. Työssä kehitettiin uusi valmiustyökalu Säteilyturvakeskuksen käyttöön Microsoft Excelin VBAohjelmoinnin avulla. Valmiustyökalu hyödyntää etukäteen laskettujen todennäköisyyspohjaisten analyysien onnettomuussekvenssejä. Tällöin valmiustilanteessa laitoksen tilanteen kehittymistä on mahdollista arvioida suojarakennuksen toimintakyvyn perusteella. Valmiustyökalu pyrittiin kehittämään mahdollisimman helppokäyttöiseksi ja helposti päivitettäväksi.

Feasibility of industrial implementation of laser cutting into paper making machine

Laser cutting implementation possibilities into paper making machine was studied as the main objective of the work. Laser cutting technology application was considered as a replacement tool for conventional cutting methods used in paper making machines for longitudinal cutting such as edge trimming at different paper making process and tambour roll slitting. Laser cutting of paper was tested in 70’s for the first time. Since then, laser cutting and processing has been applied for paper materials with different level of success in industry. Laser cutting can be employed for longitudinal cutting of paper web in machine direction. The most common conventional cutting methods include water jet cutting and rotating slitting blades applied in paper making machines. Cutting with CO2 laser fulfils basic requirements for cutting quality, applicability to material and cutting speeds in all locations where longitudinal cutting is needed. Literature review provided description of advantages, disadvantages and challenges of laser technology when it was applied for cutting of paper material with particular attention to cutting of moving paper web. Based on studied laser cutting capabilities and problem definition of conventional cutting technologies, preliminary selection of the most promising application area was carried out. Laser cutting (trimming) of paper web edges in wet end was estimated to be the most promising area where it can be implemented. This assumption was made on the basis of rate of web breaks occurrence. It was found that up to 64 % of total number of web breaks occurred in wet end, particularly in location of so called open draws where paper web was transferred unsupported by wire or felt. Distribution of web breaks in machine cross direction revealed that defects of paper web edge was the main reason of tearing initiation and consequent web break. The assumption was made that laser cutting was capable of improvement of laser cut edge tensile strength due to high cutting quality and sealing effect of the edge after laser cutting. Studies of laser ablation of cellulose supported this claim. Linear energy needed for cutting was calculated with regard to paper web properties in intended laser cutting location. Calculated linear cutting energy was verified with series of laser cutting. Practically obtained laser energy needed for cutting deviated from calculated values. This could be explained by difference in heat transfer via radiation in laser cutting and different absorption characteristics of dry and moist paper material. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist (dry matter content about 25-40%)) were tested for strength properties. It was shown that tensile strength and strain break of laser cut samples are similar to corresponding values of non-laser cut samples. Chosen method, however, did not address tensile strength of laser cut edge in particular. Thus, the assumption of improving strength properties with laser cutting was not fully proved. Laser cutting effect on possible pollution of mill broke (recycling of trimmed edge) was carried out. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist) were tested on the content of dirt particles. The tests revealed that accumulation of dust particles on the surface of moist samples can take place. This has to be taken into account to prevent contamination of pulp suspension when trim waste is recycled. Material loss due to evaporation during laser cutting and amount of solid residues after cutting were evaluated. Edge trimming with laser would result in 0.25 kg/h of solid residues and 2.5 kg/h of lost material due to evaporation. Schemes of laser cutting implementation and needed laser equipment were discussed. Generally, laser cutting system would require two laser sources (one laser source for each cutting zone), set of beam transfer and focusing optics and cutting heads. In order to increase reliability of system, it was suggested that each laser source would have double capacity. That would allow to perform cutting employing one laser source working at full capacity for both cutting zones. Laser technology is in required level at the moment and do not require additional development. Moreover, capacity of speed increase is high due to availability high power laser sources what can support the tendency of speed increase of paper making machines. Laser cutting system would require special roll to maintain cutting. The scheme of such roll was proposed as well as roll integration into paper making machine. Laser cutting can be done in location of central roll in press section, before so-called open draw where many web breaks occur, where it has potential to improve runability of a paper making machine. Economic performance of laser cutting was done as comparison of laser cutting system and water jet cutting working in the same conditions. It was revealed that laser cutting would still be about two times more expensive compared to water jet cutting. This is mainly due to high investment cost of laser equipment and poor energy efficiency of CO2 lasers. Another factor is that laser cutting causes material loss due to evaporation whereas water jet cutting almost does not cause material loss. Despite difficulties of laser cutting implementation in paper making machine, its implementation can be beneficial. The crucial role in that is possibility to improve cut edge strength properties and consequently reduce number of web breaks. Capacity of laser cutting to maintain cutting speeds which exceed current speeds of paper making machines what is another argument to consider laser cutting technology in design of new high speed paper making machines.