Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Agroecology in Agricultural Production in the United States - A Comparative Analysis.

The world’s population is growing at a rapid rate and one of the primary problems of a growing is food supply. To ensure food supply and security, the biggest companies in the agricultural sector of the United States and all over the world have collaborated to produce genetically modified organisms, including crops, that have a tendency to increase yields and are speculated to reduce pesticide use. It’s a technology that is declared to have a multitude of benefits. During the same time period another set of practices has risen to the horizon by the name of agroecology. It spreads across many different sectors such as politics, sociology, environment, health and so on. Moreover, it involves primitive organic techniques that can be applied at farm level to enhance the performance of an ecosystem to effectively decrease the negative effect on environment and health of individuals while producing good quality foods. Since both the processes proclaim sustainable development, a natural question may come in mind that which one seems more favorable? During the course of this study, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and agroecology are compared within the sphere of social, environmental and health aspects. The results derived upon a comparative analysis of scientific literature tend to prove that GMOs pose a greater threat to the environment, health of individuals and the generalized social balance in the United States compared to agroecological practices. Economic indicators were not included in the study and more studies might be needed in the future to get a broader view on the subject.

Effects of algal turbidity on foraging and antipredator behaviour of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

The aim of this thesis was to examine how aquatic organisms, such as fish, behave in an altered environmental condition. Many species of fish use vision as their primary tool to gain information about their surrounding environment. The visual conditions of aquatic habitats are often altered as a result of anthropogenic disturbance, such as eutrophication that initiates algal turbidity. In general, turbidity reduces the visibility and can be hypothesized to have an influence on the behaviour of fish. I used the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model species and conducted four studies in the laboratory to test how algal turbidity affects its behaviour. In this thesis, two major behavioural aspects are discussed. The first is antipredator behaviour. In study I, the combined effects of turbidity and shoot density on habitat choice (shelter vs open) behaviour was tested on a group of sticklebacks (20 fish) in the presence and absence of piscivorous perch (Perca fluviatilis). In study II, I examined the behavioural responses of feeding sticklebacks when they were exposed to the sudden appearance of an avian predator (the silhouette of a common tern, Sterna hirundo). The study was done in turbid and clear water using three different groups sizes (1, 3 and 6 fish). The second aspect is foraging behaviour. Study III & IV focused on the effects of algal turbidity on the foraging performance of sticklebacks. In study III, I conducted two separate experiments to examine the effects of turbidity on prey consumption and prey choice of sticklebacks. In this experiment turbidity levels and the proportion of large and small prey (Daphnia spp.) were manipulated. In study IV, I studied whether a group of six sticklebacks can distribute themselves according to food input at two feeding stations in a way that provided each fish with the same amount of food in clear and turbid water. I also observed whether the fish can follow changes in resource distribution between the foraging patches. My results indicate an overall influence of algal turbidity on the antipredator and foraging behaviour of sticklebacks. In the presence of a potential predator, the use of the sheltered habitat was more pronounced at higher turbidity. Besides this, sticklebacks reduced their activity levels with predator presence at higher turbidity and shoot density levels, suggesting a possible antipredator adaptation to avoid a predator. When exposed to a sudden appearance of an avian predator, sticklebacks showed a weaker antipredator response in turbid water, which suggests that turbidity degrades the risk assessment capabilities of sticklebacks. I found an effect of group size but not turbidity in the proportion of sticklebacks that fled to the shelter area, which indicates that sticklebacks are able to communicate among group members at the experimental turbidity levels. I found an overall negative effect of turbidity on food intake. Both turbidity and changes in the proportion of prey sizes played a significant role in a stickleback’s prey selection. At lower turbidity levels (clear <1 and 5 NTU) sticklebacks showed preferences for large prey, whereas in more turbid conditions and when the proportion of large to small prey increased sticklebacks became increasingly random in their prey selection. Finally, my results showed that groups of sticklebacks disperse themselves between feeding stations according to the reward ratios following the predictions of the ideal free distribution theory. However, they took a significantly longer time to reach the equilibrium distribution in turbid water than in clear water. In addition, they showed a slower response to changes in resource distribution in a turbid environment. These findings suggest that turbidity interferes with the information transfer among group foragers. It is important to understand that aquatic animals are often exposed to a degraded environment. The findings of this thesis suggest that algal turbidity negatively affects their behavioural performance. The results also shed light on the underlying behavioural strategies of sticklebacks in turbid conditions that might help them adapt to an altered environmental situation and increase their survival. In conclusion, I hold that although algal turbidity has detrimental effects on the antipredator and foraging behaviour of sticklebacks, their behavioural adjustment might help them adapt to a changing environment.

Kuivikemarkkinoiden analyysi

Hintakilpailu ja muuttuneet maataloussäädökset aiheuttavat kuivikemarkkinoil-le painetta kehittyä. Yleisimpien kuivikkeiden, kuten turpeen ja puukuivikkei-den, saatavuusongelmat ja hinnannousu antavat mahdollisuuden myös muiden kuivikkeiden menestymiselle. Vuosina 2009-2014 Ekovilla Oy oli mukana karjatalouden kuivikekilpailussa paperisilpusta valmistetulla kuivikkeellaan. Yhteistyö markkinointiyrityksen kanssa pakotti hinnan liian korkeaksi, joka vaikutti negatiivisesti tuotteen ky-syntään. Myös pölyävyysongelma oli olemassa. Markkinoilla uskotaan yhä olevan kysyntää kierrätysmateriaalista valmistetulle kuivikkeelle, mikäli hinta saadaan sopivaksi. Ekovillalla kuivikkeen tuotanto-kalusto, markkinointikanavat sekä logistinen verkosto ovat valmiina. Tämän diplomityön avulla selvitetään, miten markkinoille kannattaisi palata ja mitä tulee huomioida. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään niin internetiä kuin aiempien asiakkaiden kokemuksia. Asiakashaastatteluissa mielenkiintoa eko-parsikuivikkeeseen on havaittavissa. Erityisesti, jos tuotteen hintaa saadaan laskettua. Aiemmin asiakkaat olivat pää-tyneet tilamaan Ekovillan kuiviketta pääasiassa tilanteessa, jossa muita kuivikkeita ei saanut. Osalle vastanneista pölyävyys oli niin suuri ongelma, että tuotetta ei voitu käyttää. Mutta myös positiivisia kommentteja käytettävyydestä ja erityisesti imukyvystä mainittiin. Mahdollisuudet markkinoille palaamiseen ovat olemassa, mutta markkinointi tulee olemaan haastavaa. Eräs kehityskohde Ekovillalla on kuivikkeen tarjoaminen lemmikkieläin-markkinoille. Tämä vaatisi panostusta tuotteen lisäkehitykseen sekä laite-investointeja. Markkinat eroavat maatiloista huomattavasti muun muassa pakkauskokojen, jakelukanavien ja hinnoittelun osalta.

Scaling analysis of small break experiments in PACTEL

The purpose of this thesis is to study the scalability of small break LOCA experiments. The study is performed on the experimental data, as well as on the results of thermal hydraulic computation performed on TRACE code. The SBLOCA experiments were performed on PACTEL facility situated at LUT. The temporal scaling of the results was done by relating the total coolant mass in the system with the initial break mass flow and using the quotient to scale the experiment time. The results showed many similarities in the behaviour of pressure and break mass flow between the experiments.