Power Consumption in Carbon Capture and Storage Systems (CCS) and Possibilities to Reduce Power Consumption with Variable Speed Drives

The aim of this master´s thesis is to study which processes increase the auxiliary power consumption in carbon capture and storage processes and if it is possible to reduce the auxiliary power consumption with variable speed drives. Also the cost of carbon capture and storage is studied. Data about auxiliary power consumption in carbon capture is gathered from various studies and estimates made by various research centres. Based on these studies a view is presented how the power auxiliary power consumption is divided between different processes in carbon capture processes. In a literary study, the operation of three basic carbon capture systems is described. Also different methods to transport carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide storage options are described in this section. At the end of the thesis processes that consume most of the auxiliary power are defined and possibilities to reduce the auxiliary power consumption are evaluated. Cost of carbon capture, transport and storage are also evaluated at this point and in the case that the carbon capture and storage systems are fully deployed. According to the results, it can be estimated what are the processes are where variable speed drives can be used and what kind of cost and power consumption reduction could be achieved. Results also show how large a project carbon capture and storage is if it is fully deployed.

Litteraturvetenskap

Samlingen med signum HF Litt finns vid Humanistiska biblioteket i anslutning till ämnet Litteraturvetenskap. Vid huvudbiblioteket finns dessutom en stor samling litteraturvetenskapliga böcker. Till grund för samlingen ligger donationer. En tidig donation är Baers samling. Senare har tillkommit donationer av bl.a. Olaf Homén, Sven Linnér och Johannes Salminen. Medel ur Ester-Margareta von Frenckells fond för teatervetenskap har möjliggjort införskaffande av material inom ämnesområdena teater och drama. Den litteraturvetenskapliga litteraturen vid Humanistiska biblioteket söks i databasen Alma med sökfunktionen Signum och söktermen HF Litt.

Venäläisvetoinen yrittäjyys Suomessa

Venäjän maantieteellinen läheisyys ja kasvavat markkinat ovat yhä edelleen tärkeimpiä syitä suomalaisyritysten Venäjä-toiminnoille. Vuorovaikutus rajan yli ei kuitenkaan ole yksipuolista, vaan maantieteellisen läheisyyden vuoksi myös venäläisyritysten voisi olettaa pitävän Suomea luonnollisena vaihtoehtona kansainvälistymiselleen. Suomessa toimivissa venäläisyrityksissä on havaittavissa ominaispiirteitä, jotka erottavat ne kotimaisesta yritystoiminnasta. Samalla kuitenkin venäläisyritysten piirteet eivät ole yhteneviä muualla maailmassa havaittujen etnisten yritysten ominaisuuksien kanssa. Toisin kuin etniset yritykset yleensä, venäläiset yritykset eivät ole syntyneet julkisen tuen avustuksella, eivätkä ne toimi matalan kannattavuuden aloilla. Venäläisen yritystoiminnan rooli on merkittävä Suomen ja Venäjän välisessä kaupassa, ja samalla se tuo lisämausteensa suomalaiseen pienyrityskenttään.

Development a distributed simulation environment on a cluster of workstations

Simulation has traditionally been used for analyzing the behavior of complex real world problems. Even though only some features of the problems are considered, simulation time tends to become quite high even for common simulation problems. Parallel and distributed simulation is a viable technique for accelerating the simulations. The success of parallel simulation depends heavily on the combination of the simulation application, algorithm and message population in the simulation is sufficient, no additional delay is caused by this environment. In this thesis a conservative, parallel simulation algorithm is applied to the simulation of a cellular network application in a distributed workstation environment. This thesis presents a distributed simulation environment, Diworse, which is based on the use of networked workstations. The distributed environment is considered especially hard for conservative simulation algorithms due to the high cost of communication. In this thesis, however, the distributed environment is shown to be a viable alternative if the amount of communication is kept reasonable. Novel ideas of multiple message simulation and channel reduction enable efficient use of this environment for the simulation of a cellular network application. The distribution of the simulation is based on a modification of the well known Chandy-Misra deadlock avoidance algorithm with null messages. The basic Chandy Misra algorithm is modified by using the null message cancellation and multiple message simulation techniques. The modifications reduce the amount of null messages and the time required for their execution, thus reducing the simulation time required. The null message cancellation technique reduces the processing time of null messages as the arriving null message cancels other non processed null messages. The multiple message simulation forms groups of messages as it simulates several messages before it releases the new created messages. If the message population in the simulation is suffiecient, no additional delay is caused by this operation A new technique for considering the simulation application is also presented. The performance is improved by establishing a neighborhood for the simulation elements. The neighborhood concept is based on a channel reduction technique, where the properties of the application exclusively determine which connections are necessary when a certain accuracy for simulation results is required. Distributed simulation is also analyzed in order to find out the effect of the different elements in the implemented simulation environment. This analysis is performed by using critical path analysis. Critical path analysis allows determination of a lower bound for the simulation time. In this thesis critical times are computed for sequential and parallel traces. The analysis based on sequential traces reveals the parallel properties of the application whereas the analysis based on parallel traces reveals the properties of the environment and the distribution.

Conjoint-analyysi tuotekonseptien suunnittelun tukena

Conjoint-analyysi on kvantitatiivinen menetelmä kuluttajien mieltymysten mittaamiseen. Sitä hyödynnetään yleisesti tuotekonseptien suunnitteluvaiheessa, jossa jatkokehitykseen otettavaa konseptia valittaessa asiakkaiden mieltymysten tiedostaminen on hyvin tärkeää tuotteen lopullisen menestyksen kannalta. Työn tavoitteena on esitellä lukijalle conjoint-analyysin toimintaperiaate ja selvittää millaista lisäarvoa conjoint-analyysin käyttö voi tuoda tuotekonseptien suunnitteluun. Työssä määritellään lyhyesti mitä tuotekonseptointi on ja kuinka se sijoittuu tuotekehityksen kenttään sekä esitellään sen syitä ja tavoitteita. Conjoint-analyysin suorittaminen käydään läpi vaihe vaiheelta ja esitellään siihen liittyviä yleisiä käytäntöjä. Lisäksi määritellään muutamia yleisiä tavoitteita, joita tyypillisesti halutaan conjoint-tutkimuksen avulla toteuttaa. Työn empiirisessä osassa teoriaosan sisältöä konkretisoidaan esittelemällä ja analysoimalla muutamia eri syistä toteutettuja conjoint-tutkimuksia ja niiden tarjoamia tuloksia.

Tandem-MAG-hitsaus vaaka-asennossa

Kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia tandem-MAG-hitsauksen soveltuvuutta tuotteen X hitsaamiseen vaaka-asennossa. Työssä selvitettiin tuotteen X hitsaukseen optimaaliset hitsausparametrit sekä varmistettiin hitsin laatu ja luotettavuus. Päätavoite oli saavuttaa mahdollisimman suuri hitsausnopeus, varmistaa hitsin juuren puolen luotettava sulaminen ja saavuttaa mahdollisimman roiskeeton hitsi. Lisäksi tutkittiin alustavasti laserleikattujen railojen pinnanlaadun ja leikkauskaasun vaikutusta tandem-MAG-hitsauksessa, ilmaraon vaikutusta tandem-MAG-hitsauksessa sekä MAG-siltahitsien sulamista juuren puolelta. Koehitsausten pohjalta laadittiin alustava hitsausohje (pWPS). Koehitsaukset tehtiin Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston hitsaustekniikan laboratoriossa.

Role of references in international industrial marketing : a theory-building case study about supplier’s processes of utilizing references

Scientific studies regarding specifically references do not seem to exist. However, the utilization of references is an important practice for many companies involved in industrial marketing. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding about the utilization of references in international industrial marketing in order to contribute to the development of a theory of reference behavior. Specifically, the modes of reference usage in industry, the factors affecting a supplier's reference behavior, and the question how references are actually utilized, are explored in the study. Due to the explorative nature of the study, a research design was followed where theory and empirical studies alternated. An Exploratory Framework was developed to guide a pilot case study that resulted in Framework 1. Results of the pilot study guided an expanded literature review that was used to develop first a Structural Framework and a Process Framework which were combined in Framework 2. Then, the second empirical phase of the case study was conducted in the same (pilot) case company. In this phase, Decision Systems Analysis (DSA) was used as the analysis method. The DSA procedure consists of three interviewing waves: initial interviews, reinterviews, and validating interviews. Four reference decision processes were identified, described and analyzed in the form of flowchart descriptions. The flowchart descriptions were used to explore new constructs and to develop new propositions to develop Framework 2 further. The quality of the study was ascertained by many actions in both empirical parts of the study. The construct validity of the study was ascertained by using multiple sources of evidence and by asking the key informant to review the pilot case report. The DSA method itself includes procedures assuring validity. Because of the choice to conduct a single case study, external validity was not even pursued. High reliability was pursued through detailed documentation and thorough reporting of evidence. It was concluded that the core of the concept of reference is a customer relationship regardless of the concrete forms a reference might take in its utilization. Depending on various contingencies, references might have various tasks inside the four roles of increasing 1) efficiency of sales and sales management, 2) efficiency of the business, 3) effectiveness of marketing activities, and 4) effectiveness in establishing, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships. Thus, references have not only external but internal tasks as well. A supplier's reference behavior might be affected by many hierarchical conditions. Additionally, the empirical study showed that the supplier can utilize its references as a continuous, all pervasive decision making process through various practices. The process includes both individual and unstructured decision making subprocesses. The proposed concept of reference can be used to guide a reference policy recommendable for companies for which the utilization of references is important. The significance of the study is threefold: proposing the concept of reference, developing a framework of a supplier's reference behavior and its short term process of utilizing references, and conceptual structuring of an unstructured and in industrial marketing important phenomenon to four roles.

Thermal-Hydraulic Studies on the Safety Of VVER-440 Type Nuclear Power Plants

This thesis includes several thermal hydraulic analyses related to the Loviisa WER 440 nuclear power plant units. The work consists of experimental studies, analysis of the experiments, analysis of some plant transits and development of a calculational model for calculation of boric acid concentrations in the reactor. In the first part of the thesis, in the case of won of boric acid solution behaviour during long term cooling period of LOCAs, experiments were performed in scaled down test facilities. The experimental data together with the results of RELAPS/MOD3 simulations were used to develop a model for calculations of boric acid concentrations in the reactor during LOCAs. The results of calculations showed that margins to critical concentrations that would lead to boric acid crystallization were large, both in the reactor core and in the lower plenum. This was mainly caused by the fact that water in the primary cooling circuit includes borax (Na)BsO,.IOHZO), which enters the reactor when ECC water is taken from the sump and greatly increases boric acid solubility in water. In the second part, in the case of simulation of horizontal steam generators, experiments were performed with PACTEL integral test loop to simulate loss of feedwater transients. The PACTEL experiments, as well as earlier REWET III natural circulation tests, were analyzed with RELAPS/MOD3 Version Sm5 code. The analysis showed that the code was capable of simulating the main events during the experiments. However, in the case of loss of secondary side feedwater the code was not completely capable to simulate steam superheating in the secondary side of the steam generators. The third part of the work consists of simulations of Loviisa VVER reactor pump trip transients with RELAPSlMODI Eur, RELAPS/MOD3 and CATHARE codes. All three codes were capable to simulate the two selected pump trip transients and no significant differences were found between the results of different codes. Comparison of the calculated results with the data measured in the Loviisa plant also showed good agreement.

Asiakkuudenhallintaohjelmiston kehittäminen

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää asiakkuudenhallinnan aiheuttamia vaatimuksia ohjelmointikehityksen kannalta. Työ tehtiin Turussa Software Innovation Finland Oy:lle. Työssä kerrotaan PROSPEKTI-asiakkuudenhallintaohjelmiston kehittämiskäytännöistä ja ohjelmistolle asetetuista vaatimuksista. Taustaselvityksen ja kirjallisuuskatsauksen jälkeen kerrotaan ohjelmiston uusien ominaisuuksien kehittämisestä. Tämän jälkeen esitellään kaksi asiakaskohtaista räätälöintiprojektia. Seuraavaksi kuvataan, miten ohjelmiston toiminnallisuus varmennetaan sekä havaitut virheet korjataan. Tuloksena on kuvaus yrityksen tuotekehitysprosessista, jota voidaan käyttää esimerkinomaisena pohjana kun halutaan kehittää asiakkuudenhallintaohjelmistoa.