89 resultados para Textual complexity for Romanian language
Resumo:
Tutkielmassa käsitellään vieraan kielen, ts. englannin, oppimista peruskoulussa. Hypoteesina oletetaan, että oppilaat, jotka jo hallitsevat kaksi kieltä, menestyvät paremmin vieraan kielen oppimisessa kuin yksikieliset oppilaat. Tutkielmassa vertaillaan kaksikielisten ja yksikielisten oppilaiden englannin kielen taitoja alakoulun kuudennen luokan päättyessä. Kaksikielisyys voidaan ymmärtää monella tavalla, ja tutkimustulokset kaksikielisyyden vaikutuksista ovat usein olleet ristiriitaisia. Siksi tutkielmassa ensin määritellään kaksikielisyys, sen lajit sekä siihen liittyvää terminologiaa. Lisäksi kuvaillaan Suomen sekä erityisesti Turun kaupungin kaksikielisen väestön tilaa ja oikeuksia sekä keskustellaan aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella mahdollisista ongelmista ja hyödyistä, joita kaksikielisyyteen liittyy. Kaksikielisyyteen on perinteisesti liittynyt myös paljon ennakkoluuloja, kuten pelko puolikielisyydestä, jotka tieteellisten tutkimusten avulla pyritään kumoamaan. Mahdollisia muita ongelmia, kuten pienempi sanavarasto molemmissa kielissä verrattuna saman ikäisiin yksikielisiin sekä reaktioaikojen piteneminen, kuitenkin esiintyy. Kaksikielisyyden hyötyjä sen sijaan voivat olla mm. luovuus, kyky kielen analyyttiseen tarkasteluun, metalingvististen taitojen kehittyminen ja avoimuus muita kieliä ja kulttuureita kohtaan. Kaikki mainitut edut ja haitat myös vaikuttavat vieraan kielen opinnoissa menestymiseen. Myös mahdollinen positiivinen transferenssi otetaan huomioon. Tutkimuksen empiiristä osaa varten vierailtiin kahdessa turkulaisessa alakoulussa, joiden kuudennen luokan oppilaat suorittivat kaksi englannin kielen tehtävää. Toinen kouluista oli suomenkielinen, jonka oppilaat edustivat yksikielistä vertailuryhmää (n=31). Ruotsinkielinen koulu valittiin edustamaan kaksikielistä ryhmää (n=34), sillä yleensä Suomessa ja kaupungeissa kuten Turussa vähemmistökielen puhujat hallitsevat käytännössä usein myös suomen kielen. Ruotsinkielisen koulun oppilaiden kaksikielisyys varmistettiin kielitaustakyselyllä. Kaksikielisten oppilaiden tulokset molemmissa tehtävissä olivat hieman paremmat kuin yksikielisten. Yksikielisessä ryhmässä myös tulosten keskihajonta oli suurempi. Kaksikieliset näyttivät hallitsevan kielen analyyttisen tarkastelun paremmin sekä tekivät vähemmän kieliopillisia virheitä. Positiivisen transferenssin vaikutus oli myös nähtävissä. Toisaalta heillä oli enemmän oikeinkirjoitusvirheitä vastauksissaan.Merkittäviä eroja ei kuitenkaan englannin kielen oppimisessa voitu todentaa.
Resumo:
Pia Päiviö: Suomen kielen asti ja saakka ; Lea Nieminen: Monimutkainen tapaus ; Maarit Mutta: Suomalaisten ja ranskalaisten opiskelijoiden kirjoitusprosessit ja niiden sujuvuus ; Päivi Torvelainen: Kaksivuotiaiden lasten fonologisen kehityksen variaatio ; Ossi Kokko: Puheyhteisön hajoaminen ja inkerinsuomen nykytila ; Soile Loukusa: Kontekstin hyödyntäminen kielen pragmaattisessa ymmärtämisessä normaalisti kehittyneillä lapsilla sekä lapsilla, joilla on aspergerin oireyhtymä tai hyvätasoinen autismi
Resumo:
In this thesis we study the field of opinion mining by giving a comprehensive review of the available research that has been done in this topic. Also using this available knowledge we present a case study of a multilevel opinion mining system for a student organization's sales management system. We describe the field of opinion mining by discussing its historical roots, its motivations and applications as well as the different scientific approaches that have been used to solve this challenging problem of mining opinions. To deal with this huge subfield of natural language processing, we first give an abstraction of the problem of opinion mining and describe the theoretical frameworks that are available for dealing with appraisal language. Then we discuss the relation between opinion mining and computational linguistics which is a crucial pre-processing step for the accuracy of the subsequent steps of opinion mining. The second part of our thesis deals with the semantics of opinions where we describe the different ways used to collect lists of opinion words as well as the methods and techniques available for extracting knowledge from opinions present in unstructured textual data. In the part about collecting lists of opinion words we describe manual, semi manual and automatic ways to do so and give a review of the available lists that are used as gold standards in opinion mining research. For the methods and techniques of opinion mining we divide the task into three levels that are the document, sentence and feature level. The techniques that are presented in the document and sentence level are divided into supervised and unsupervised approaches that are used to determine the subjectivity and polarity of texts and sentences at these levels of analysis. At the feature level we give a description of the techniques available for finding the opinion targets, the polarity of the opinions about these opinion targets and the opinion holders. Also at the feature level we discuss the various ways to summarize and visualize the results of this level of analysis. In the third part of our thesis we present a case study of a sales management system that uses free form text and that can benefit from an opinion mining system. Using the knowledge gathered in the review of this field we provide a theoretical multi level opinion mining system (MLOM) that can perform most of the tasks needed from an opinion mining system. Based on the previous research we give some hints that many of the laborious market research tasks that are done by the sales force, which uses this sales management system, can improve their insight about their partners and by that increase the quality of their sales services and their overall results.
Resumo:
This thesis is concerned with the philosophical grammar of certain psychiatric concepts, which play a central role in delineating the field of psychiatric work. The concepts studied are ‘psychosis’, ‘delusion’, ‘person’, ‘understanding’ and ‘incomprehensibility’. The purpose of this conceptual analysis is to provide a more perspicuous view of the logic of these concepts, how psychiatric work is constituted in relation to them, and what this tells us about the relationships between the conceptual and the empirical in psychiatric concepts. The method used in the thesis is indebted primarily to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy, where we are urged to look at language uses in relation to practices in order to obtain a clearer overview of practices of interest; this will enable us to resolve the conceptual problems related to these practices. This questioning takes as its starting point the concept of psychosis, a central psychiatric concept during the twentieth century. The conceptual analysis of ‘psychosis’ shows that the concept is logically dependent on the concepts of ‘understanding’ and ‘person’. Following the lead found in this analysis, the logic of person-concepts in psychiatric discourse is analysed by a detailed textual analysis of a psychiatric journal article. The main finding is the ambiguous uses of ‘person’, enabling a specifically psychiatric form of concern in human affairs. The grammar of ‘understanding’ is then tackled from the opposite end, by exploring the logic of the concept of ‘incomprehensibility’. First, by studying the DSM-IV definition of delusion it is shown that its ambiguities boil down to the question of whether psychiatric practice is better accounted for in terms of the grammar of ‘incorrectness’ or ‘incomprehensibility’. Second, the grammar of ‘incomprehensibility’ is further focused on by introducing the distinction between positive and negative conceptions of ‘incomprehensibility’. The main finding is that this distinction has wide-ranging implications for our understanding of psychiatric concepts. Finally, some of the findings gained in these studies are ‘put into practice’ in studying the more practical question of the conceptual and ethical problems associated with the concept of ‘prodromal symptom of schizophrenia’ and the agenda of early detection and intervention in schizophrenia more generally.
Resumo:
The purpose of this comparative study is to profile second language learners by exploring the factors which have an impact on their learning. The subjects come from two different countries: one group comes from Milwaukee, US, and the other from Turku, Finland. The subjects have attended bilingual classes from elementary school to senior high school in their respective countries. In the United States, the subjects (N = 57) started in one elementary school from where they moved on to two high schools in the district. The Finnish subjects (N = 39) attended the same school from elementary to high school. The longitudinal study was conducted during 1994-2004 and combines both qualitative and quantitative research methods. A Pilot Study carried out in 1990-1991 preceded the two subsequent studies that form the core material of this research. The theoretical part of the study focuses first on language policies in the United States and Finland: special emphasis is given to the history, development and current state of bilingual education, and the factors that have affected policy-making in the provision of language instruction. Current language learning theories and models form the theoretical foundation of the research, and underpin the empirical studies. Cognitively-labeled theories are at the forefront, but sociocultural theory and the ecological approach are also accounted for. The research methods consist of questionnaires, compositions and interviews. A combination of statistical methods as well as content analysis were used in the analysis. The attitude of the bilingual learners toward L1 and L2 was generally positive: the subjects enjoyed learning through two languages and were motivated to learn both. The knowledge of L1 and parental support, along with early literacy in L1, facilitated the learning of L2. This was particularly evident in the American subject group. The American subjects’ L2 learning was affected by the attitudes of the learners to the L1 culture and its speakers. Furthermore, the negative attitudes taken by L1 speakers toward L2 speakers and the lack of opportunities to engage in activities in the L1 culture affected the American subjects’ learning of L2, English. The research showed that many American L2 learners were isolated from the L1 culture and were even afraid to use English in everyday communication situations. In light of the research results, a politically neutral linguistic environment, which the Finnish subjects inhabited, was seen to be more favorable for learning. The Finnish subjects were learning L2, English, in a neutral zone where their own attitudes and motivation dictated their learning. The role of L2 as a means of international communication in Finland, as opposed to a means of exercising linguistic power, provided a neutral atmosphere for learning English. In both the American and Finnish groups, the learning of other languages was facilitated when the learner had a good foundation in their L1, and the learning of L1 and L2 were in balance. Learning was also fostered when the learners drew positive experiences from their surroundings and were provided with opportunities to engage in activities where L2 was used.
Resumo:
Learning of preference relations has recently received significant attention in machine learning community. It is closely related to the classification and regression analysis and can be reduced to these tasks. However, preference learning involves prediction of ordering of the data points rather than prediction of a single numerical value as in case of regression or a class label as in case of classification. Therefore, studying preference relations within a separate framework facilitates not only better theoretical understanding of the problem, but also motivates development of the efficient algorithms for the task. Preference learning has many applications in domains such as information retrieval, bioinformatics, natural language processing, etc. For example, algorithms that learn to rank are frequently used in search engines for ordering documents retrieved by the query. Preference learning methods have been also applied to collaborative filtering problems for predicting individual customer choices from the vast amount of user generated feedback. In this thesis we propose several algorithms for learning preference relations. These algorithms stem from well founded and robust class of regularized least-squares methods and have many attractive computational properties. In order to improve the performance of our methods, we introduce several non-linear kernel functions. Thus, contribution of this thesis is twofold: kernel functions for structured data that are used to take advantage of various non-vectorial data representations and the preference learning algorithms that are suitable for different tasks, namely efficient learning of preference relations, learning with large amount of training data, and semi-supervised preference learning. Proposed kernel-based algorithms and kernels are applied to the parse ranking task in natural language processing, document ranking in information retrieval, and remote homology detection in bioinformatics domain. Training of kernel-based ranking algorithms can be infeasible when the size of the training set is large. This problem is addressed by proposing a preference learning algorithm whose computation complexity scales linearly with the number of training data points. We also introduce sparse approximation of the algorithm that can be efficiently trained with large amount of data. For situations when small amount of labeled data but a large amount of unlabeled data is available, we propose a co-regularized preference learning algorithm. To conclude, the methods presented in this thesis address not only the problem of the efficient training of the algorithms but also fast regularization parameter selection, multiple output prediction, and cross-validation. Furthermore, proposed algorithms lead to notably better performance in many preference learning tasks considered.
Resumo:
Tässä työssä kehitetään yleiskäyttöinen palvelupyyntömalli, jonka avulla Lahden kaupungin Lahti Fenix –projektin Kuntalaistilijärjestelmän palveluväylän kautta voidaan kutsua järjestelmän tietokantatasoa tai muita palveluväylän avulla integroituja järjestelmiä. Työn tavoitteena oli suoraviivaistaa järjestelmäintegraatioihin liittyvien palveluiden kehittämistä suunnittelemalla sellainen palvelupyyntömuodostin, joka ei sisällä staattisia viittauksia jossakin tietyssä palvelussa käytettäviin luokkiin tai muihin ominaisuuksiin. Työssä hyödynnettiin Java-kielen kehittyneitä ominaisuuksia; reflektiivistä ohjelmointia, geneeristä ohjelmointia ja Java-virtuaalikoneen metodipinon lukemista. Tavoitteen saavuttamista mitattiin käyttäen avuksi McCaben syklomaattista kompleksisuutta ja metodeissa käytettyä rivimäärää. Työ aloitettiin joulukuussa 2008 ja saatiin valmiiksi helmikuussa 2009. Työn tuloksena syntyi toimiva, syklomaattiselta kompleksisuudeltaan matala ja helppokäyttöinen palvelukutsumuodostin.
Resumo:
Tämä julkaisu ilmestyy Turussa 18.–19.5.2009 järjestettävien valtakunnallisten kielikeskuspäivien yhteydessä. Turun yliopiston kielikeskus viettää samaan aikaan 30-vuotisjuhlaansa. Erään luokittelun mukaan 30–45-vuotias elää varsinaista keski-ikäänsä, kun taas joissakin katsotaan, että 28–35 vuoden ikä on vasta ns.
Resumo:
Given the structural and acoustical similarities between speech and music, and possible overlapping cerebral structures in speech and music processing, a possible relationship between musical aptitude and linguistic abilities, especially in terms of second language pronunciation skills, was investigated. Moreover, the laterality effect of the mother tongue was examined with both adults and children by means of dichotic listening scores. Finally, two event-related potential studies sought to reveal whether children with advanced second language pronunciation skills and higher general musical aptitude differed from children with less-advanced pronunciation skills and less musical aptitude in accuracy when preattentively processing mistuned triads and music / speech sound durations. The results showed a significant relationship between musical aptitude, English language pronunciation skills, chord discrimination ability, and sound-change-evoked brain activation in response to musical stimuli (durational differences and triad contrasts). Regular music practice may also have a modulatory effect on the brain’s linguistic organization and cause altered hemispheric functioning in those who have regularly practised music for years. Based on the present results, it is proposed that language skills, both in production and discrimination, are interconnected with perceptual musical skills.
Resumo:
Web application performance testing is an emerging and important field of software engineering. As web applications become more commonplace and complex, the need for performance testing will only increase. This paper discusses common concepts, practices and tools that lie at the heart of web application performance testing. A pragmatic, hands-on approach is assumed where applicable; real-life examples of test tooling, execution and analysis are presented right next to the underpinning theory. At the client-side, web application performance is primarily driven by the amount of data transmitted over the wire. At the server-side, selection of programming language and platform, implementation complexity and configuration are the primary contributors to web application performance. Web application performance testing is an activity that requires delicate coordination between project stakeholders, developers, system administrators and testers in order to produce reliable and useful results. Proper test definition, execution, reporting and repeatable test results are of utmost importance. Open-source performance analysis tools such as Apache JMeter, Firebug and YSlow can be used to realise effective web application performance tests. A sample case study using these tools is presented in this paper. The sample application was found to perform poorly even under the moderate load incurred by the sample tests.