Feministisen diskurssin rajat Suomessa ja Britanniassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Metsäsääntely Suomessa ja Venäjällä. Näkökulmia kestävään metsätalouteen

Sustainability is the aim of forest management and forest regulation in many countries. Accordingly, forest management has been steered towards more environmentally friendly methods and new regulatory instruments have been introduced. At the same time, wood trade and forest industry have become a global business. Even if the importance of national forest legislation has not decreased, it has been widely acknowledged that national regulation of forest management is no longer sufficient. The movement of goods does not acknowledge boundaries, even though most negative environmental and social consequences stay in the country of origin of wood and other raw materials. As a partial solution to this dilemma, different kinds of regulations have been developed. Various forest certification schemes and wood trade regulation in the EU (995/2010) are examples of efforts to prevent illegal logging and unsustainable forestry. The Finland-based forest industry is to a varying extent dependent on wood trade from Russia. Especially in the 1990‟s, ethical questions concerning import of wood from Russian old growth forests near the Finnish border were widely discussed. Consequently, forest industry enterprises have developed systems to trace the origin of wood and to buy certified wood from Russia. The aim of the research has been to evaluate Finnish and Russian forest regulations in order to investigate what kind of forest management these regulations enhance, and to what extent ecologically sustainable forest management has been integrated into different forms of regulation. I have examined Finnish and Russian forest regulation in four separate articles based on the topics of the Russian Forest Code, forest certification and other voluntary forest protection measures in Russia, Finnish forest certification and Finnish forest legislation. One objective has been to analyse the roles voluntary forest certification plays in promoting sustainable forest management in different countries. In my research, I have mainly concentrated on ecological sustainability and protection of biodiversity, although other aspects of sustainable forest management have been touched upon in different articles. In the following I shall conclude the findings of my research. When the current Russian Forest Code (2006) was being adopted, the main emphasis was not on ecological issues, but on reorganizing forest governance. The role of ecological requirements was even slightly diminished during the legislative reform. There are, nevertheless, still stipulations aiming at ecological sustainability, such as the division of forests into different forest management categories and various protection zones. In 2000, FSC forest certification arrived in Russia, at present covering already 28 million hectares of forests. The PEFC scheme is now in use as well, but to a much lesser extent. If properly implemented, Russian forest certification schemes clearly improve the level of ecological and social sustainability of forestry in Russia. Certification criteria, however, are partly in conflict with the Russian forest legislation and certified enterprises have been forced to pay fines or to negotiate with forest authorities. This clearly indicates that even if Russian forest legislation has otherwise been liberalized to a certain extent, some significant paternalism still exists. Voluntary, hands-on biodiversity protection measures are not valued, and they are not part of the official protection policies as in many other countries. However, there have been some regional solutions to this dilemma. In the Republic of Karelia forest authorities have approved a set of forest biodiversity protection rules created by a local NGO and a forest industry enterprise. By following these local rules, an enterprise can avoid fines for protection measures. The current Finnish Forest Act was adopted in 1996. It brought forest legislation into a new era as some ecological aspects were integrated into forest legislation. The various soft-law forest management recommendations further increased the level of biodiversity protection. My evaluation of the overall legitimacy of the Finnish forest legislation and forest management paradigm revealed, however, several problematic issues. As part of this study I analysed the history of the current forest management paradigm. This analysis revealed the path dependency which still hinders the protection of biodiversity and clearly decreases the general legitimacy of forest management. Due to several historical reasons only even-structured forest management based on clear cuts has for decades been officially approved in Finland. Due to increasing demands of forest owners the legislation is finally being revised. Yet, the official approval of uneven-structured forest management would not be enough to fully improve ecological, social and cultural legitimacy. The latest ecological theories and knowledge of endangered species should be taken into account in the on-going reform of forest legislation as well as the modernisation. Forest legislation is one of the very few spheres of Finnish environmental legislation where openness and participation are still considered a threat. The first Finnish forest certification scheme, PEFC, was established in 2000. It now covers more than 20 million hectares, about 95% of the forests in Finland. PEFC Finland does not require a higher level of biodiversity protection than the recommendations by Tapio (the Development Centre for Forestry), but certification has unified forest management practices and requires more protection measures than mere forest legislation. The study suggests that in Finland PEFC has not functioned as an instrument which would substantially improve the level of forest management. Rather it has supported the status quo of the forest sector. While the ecological and social responsibility of Finland-based forest corporations was one impetus for this research, I want to conclude that there are problems related to forest legislation and non-state regulation in both Finland and Russia. If an enterprise buying wood from Russia buys only certified wood, and carefully avoids wood coming from high conservation value forests that are either ecologically or socially valuable, it can be claimed to be as sustainably produced as in Finland. However, there must be continuous scrutiny of the circumstances. In Russia, the level of the compliance of certification criteria varies considerably, and there are vast unprotected invaluable forest areas. The utilisation of these areas should not be based on short-sighted decisions or lack of consensus among stakeholders.

Osakkeiden hintojen muutokset reaalitalouden muutoksia ennakoivina tekijöinä Suomessa ja Saksassa 1991-2010 sekä Norjassa 1996-2010

Kandidaatintutkielman tarkoituksena oli tutkia voiko osakkeiden hintojen muutoksilla ennakoida reaalitalouden muutoksia, kun talouskasvun muutosta tarkastellaan bruttokansantuotteen ja teollisuus-tuotannon volyymin muutoksilla. Kohdemaita ovat Suomi, Saksa ja Norja. Tätä tutkitaan OLS-regression ja viivejakaumamallin avulla, joita ennen tutkitaan osakkeiden hintojen muutosten ja talouskasvun muutosten yhteisintegraatiota sekä kausaliteettisuhdetta. Tutkielman idea lähti siitä, kun kehittyviä maita mainostetaan tuottavina sijoituskohteina. Tarkoituksena on tutkia voiko osakkeiden hinnoilla ennakoida reaalitalouden muutoksia Suomessa, Saksassa ja Norjassa ja sen jälkeen vetää johtopäätöksiä voivatko sijoittajat todella odottaa suurempia tuottoja maissa, joissa odotetaan suurta talouskasvua. Tutkielman tulokset antavat viitteitä sille, että osakkeiden hintojen muutoksilla voi ennakoida jonkin verran talouskasvun muutoksia. Jotta voitaisiin vastata siihen ovatko kehittyvät maat tuottavimpia sijoituskohteita kuin muut maat tarvittaisiin lisätutkimusta asian saralla.

Sivuraiteilta uralle! : Koulutuksen keskeyttämisen ehkäisemiseen suunnatut ESR-projektit Kaakkois-Suomessa ja malleja muualta Suomesta

Tämä julkaisu on yhteenveto Kaakkois-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen valvonnassa käynnistyneistä, Euroopan sosiaalirahaston rahoittamista koulutuksen keskeyttämisen ehkäisyyn pyrkivistä projekteista vuosina 2007–2012 (tilanne 23.02.2012). Lisäksi selvitykseen on koottu vastaavissa projekteissa kehitettyjä malleja muualta Manner-Suomesta. Projekteista esitetään lyhyesti hankkeen keskeiset tiedot; hallinnoijan yhteystiedot, projektin kohdealue, tavoitteet ja tulokset. Lisäksi projekteista esitetään tarkempia esimerkkejä niissä kehitetyistä malleista ja välineistä. Tarkasteltavissa hankkeissa on pyritty ehkäisemään koulutuksen keskeyttämistä ammattioppilaitosten ja erilaisten työpajojen välisellä yhteistyöllä, erilaisilla opetusmenetelmillä, erityisopettajuudella, moniammatillisten verkostojen tuella sekä erilaisilla sähköisillä arviointivälineillä. Selvityksessä on käytetty lähteenä hankkeiden Eura2007-järjestelmään kirjattuja loppu- ja väliraportteja sekä projektisuunnitelmia ja näissä esitettyjä tietoja. Näitä tietoja täydennettiin projektien yhteyshenkilöille lähetetyllä kyselyllä ja kyselystä saaduilla vastauksilla ja materiaalilla. Lisäksi apuna käytettiin hankkeiden omia julkaisuja. Selvityksen on laatinut ELY-keskuksen korkeakouluharjoittelija, hum. kand. Teemu Räihä.

Nollapersoonalause suomessa ja virossa. Tutkimus kirjoitetun kielen aineistosta

The present study focuses on the zero person constructions both in Finnish and Estonian. In the zero person construction, there is no overt subject and the verb is in the 3rd person singular form: Fin. Tammikuussa voi hiihtää Etelä-Suomessakin. Est. Jaanuaris saab suusatada ka Lõuna-Soomes ‘In January one can ski even in South-Finland’. The meaning of the zero construction is usually considered generic and open. However, the zero may be interpreted as indexically open so that the reference can be construed from the context. This study demonstrates how the zero may be interpreted as referring to the speaker, the addressee, or anybody. The zero person construction in Finnish has been contrasted to the generic pronoun constructions in Indo-European languages. For example, the zero person is translated in English as you or one; in Swedish and German as man. The grammar and semantics of the Finnish zero person construction have been studied earlier to some extent. However, the differences and similarities between Finnish and Estonian, two closely related languages, have not been thoroughly studied before. The present doctoral thesis sheds light on the zero person construction, its use, functions, and interpretation both in Finnish and Estonian. The approach taken is contrastive. The data comes from magazine articles published in Finnish and translated into Estonian. The data consists of Finnish sentences with the zero person and their Estonian translations. In addition, the data includes literary fiction, and non-translated Estonian corpora texts as well. Estonian and Finnish are closely related and in principle the personal system of the two languages is almost identical, nevertheless, there are interesting differences. The present study shows that the zero person construction is not as common in Estonian as it is in Finnish. In my data, a typical sentence with the zero person in both languages is a generic statement which tells us what can or cannot be done. When making generic statements the two languages are relatively similar, especially when the zero person is used together with a modal verb. The modal verbs (eg. Fin. voida ‘can’, saada ‘may’, täytyä ‘must’; Est. võima ‘may’, saama ‘can’, tulema ’must’) are the most common verbs in both Finnish and Estonian zero person constructions. Significant differences appear when a non-modal verb is used. Overall, non-modal verbs are used less frequently in both languages. Verbs with relatively low agentivity or intentionality, such as perception verb nähdä in Finnish and nägema in Estonian, are used in the zero person clauses in both languages to certain extent. Verbs with more agentive and intentional properties are not used in the Estonian zero person clauses; in Finnish their use is restricted to specific context. The if–then-frame provides a suitable context for the zero person in Finnish, and the Finnish zero person may occur together with any kind of verb in conditional if-clause. Estonian if-clauses are not suitable contexts for zero person. There is usually a da-infinitive, a generic 2nd person singular or a passive form instead of the zero person in Estonian counterparts for Finnish if-clauses with zero person. The aim of this study was to analyze motivations for choosing the zero person in certain contexts. In Estonian, the use of the zero person constructions is more limited than in Finnish, and some of the constraints are grammatical. On the other hand, some of the constraints are motivated by the differences in actual language use. Contrasting the two languages reveals interesting differences and similarities between these two languages and shows how these languages may use similar means differently.

Merimelojat r.y. jäsenkirja ja säännöt

9 x 14 cm

Merimelojat r.y. jäsenkirja ja säännöt

9 x 14 cm

Haminan Ratsastajat r.y:n ja Reserviupseerikoulun järjestämien ratsastus- ja ravikilpailujen ohjelma 22.2. -36 klo 14 ja 23.2. -36 klo 12

14 x 22 cm

Haminan Ratsastajat r.y.:n ja Reserviupseerikoulun järjestämien ratsastus- ja ravikilpailujen ohjelma 25.2. -39 klo 12 ja 26.2. -39 klo 12

14 x 21 cm

Käsikirja soitannosta ja soittokoneista erittäin urkujen hoidosta, virittämisestä ja tarkastamisesta. Ynnä histooriallis-systemaatillinen luettelo urkulaitoksista Suomessa. Ja kertomus Suomen taitavimmista urkurakentajoista.

Skannattu aukeama kerrallaan.