Addiction in Action

As human action, drinking alcohol or smoking cigarettes, for instance, are phenomena that are familiar to most people. We recognise when people use drugs or gamble whether that happens in the television or around us. Sometimes we call these actions addictions. Addictive actions are actions that puzzle us. This puzzlement has raised different kinds of views on addiction that describe the phenomenon in different ways. The proponents of the views pick features that they consider to be sufficient in capturing the phenomenon. The disease view emphasises that addicted individuals are not in control over their own actions, whereas the choice view highlights addicted individuals’ capacity to act according to their own preferences. Some see addiction as a defect of will and addictive action is a manifestation of that. Sometimes they all insist on referring to the same group of people and describing the same actions with seemingly contradictory terms. What happens when an addicted individual acts in accordance with his addiction? This thesis also tries to answer this question and make this kind of action and agency understandable. By showing that these three common views fall short of capturing the phenomenon, I will provide characteristics that jointly suffice for something to be labelled addiction, but which are not, however, individually necessary (or sufficient) for addiction. Those characteristics are strong desire, myopia, biased decision-making, and weakness of will. Furthermore, they should be understood in the framework of diachronic, active agency. They contribute to a view on addictive action that consists of different kinds of actions. Acknowledging the variety of nuanced human action, the understanding of addictive action is increased and this may also be utilised in addiction-related policies and treatment. The emphasis of my study lies specifically on understanding addiction as action by the means of analytical philosophy.

Höyryturbiinin ulosvirtauskanaviston kokeellinen tutkimus pienoismallilla

Diplomityössä tutkittiin höyryturbiinin ulosvirtauskanavistojen kokeellisia tutkimusmenetelmiä ja suoritettiin käytännön mittauksia Fortum Oyj:n Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen höyryturbiinien huuvan pienoismallilla. Kirjallisuusselvityksen perusteella todettiin, että pienoismallitutkimuksella on ollut keskeinen asema ulosvirtauskanavistojen suunnittelussa. Kokeellisten menetelmien perusongelmana on höyryturbiinin ulosvirtausolosuhteiden jäljitteleminen. Käytetyt mittausmenetelmät perustuvat pääosin tavanomaisiin paine- ja nopeusmittauksiin. Lisäainepartikkeleihin ja laser-valaisuun perustuva PIV (particle image velocimetry) todettiin lupaavaksi menetelmäksi ulosvirtauskanavistojen tutkimuksen saralla. Työn käytännön osuudessa tehtiin mittauksia mittasuhteessa 1:8 rakennetulle höyryturbiinin huuvan pienoismallille. Mittauksilla tutkittiin virtausta mallin sisääntulo- ja ulostulotasoissa. Lisäksi mitattiin staattisen paineen jakauma huuvan sisällä. Kokonaispainetta mittaava kiel-putki todettiin käytännölliseksi työkaluksi huuvan virtauskentän tutkimuksessa. Tuloksista käy hyvin ilmi huuvan ulostuloon syntyvien pyörteiden muodostuminen ja ulostulon epätasainen nopeusjakauma. Staattinen paine huuvan sisällä havaittiin epätasaisesti jakautuneeksi. Ulostulotason ja staattisen paineen mittauksilla saadut tulokset sopivat hyvin yhteen kirjallisuudesta löytyvien tutkimustulosten kanssa ja tukevat Loviisan ulosvirtauskanavistosta aiemmin tehtyjä CFD-simulointeja.

Organisational purchasing of service design – Agency and client perspectives

There has been an increase in the interest in service design, as companies have become more customer-centric and their focus has shifted to customer experiences. The actual organisational purchasing of service design has been given little attention, until recent years. The purpose of this study is to explore the purchasing of service design from the perspectives of sellers (service design agencies) and buying clients (business organisations). In order to understand the phenomenon, also agencies and clients’ approaches to service design discipline, purchasing processes, challenges related to purchasing and ways of facilitating the purchasing are explored. The research follows qualitative research method and utilises abductive reasoning. A proposition framework was formed by combining services marketing, design and organisational buying behaviour literatures, and was tested against real-life business cases. Empirical data was gathered by interviewing eight service design agency representatives and five client representatives in Finland. The results of semi-structural interviews were analysed by finding repetitive themes. The proposition framework was updated according to interview findings. There were both similarities and differences in service design agencies and clients’ approaches to service design. Service design represents a strategic activity to both parties, and it helps in clients’ business development and in discovering opportunities. It is an ideology; a way of thinking and working. The driving force for purchasing service design seemed to be something else than service design itself. Projects have been bought for 1) change and innovation related development, 2) channel related development or for 3) customer experience related development. Seven purchasing challenge themes were recognised: 1) poor or differing service design understanding, 2) selling of service design, 3) varying expectations, 4) difficulty of pre-evaluation, 5) buyers and buying companies, 6) project process and nature and 7) unclear project results. These all can be considered to cause challenges in organisational service design purchasing. Challenges can be caused by either participant, the agency or the client, and take place at any point of the purchasing process. Some of the challenges could be considered as barriers to purchasing or they play a role in an unsuccessful service project – and therefore, result in an unsuccessful organisational purchase. Purchasing could be facilitated in various ways by either participant; some ways are more attitude based, others actionable improvements. Thesis’s theoretical and managerial findings can be utilised to both improve the selling and purchasing of service design services.