Air des Bijoux

Oopperasta Faust.

Electrocoagulation in the treatment of industrial waters and wastewaters

Chemical coagulation is commonly used in raw water and wastewater treatment plants for the destabilisation of pollutants so that they can be removed in the subsequent separation processes. The most commonly used coagulation chemicals are aluminium and iron metal salts. Electrocoagulation technology has also been proposed for the treatment of raw waters and wastewaters. With this technology, metal cations are produced on the electrodes via electrolysis and these cations form various hydroxides in the water depending on the water pH. In addition to this main reaction, several side reactions, such as hydrogen bubble formation and the reduction of metals on cathodes, also take place in the cell. In this research, the applications of electrocoagulation were investigated in raw water treatment and wastewater applications. The surface water used in this research contained high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM). The effect of the main parameters ��� current density, initial pH, electric charge per volume, temperature and electrolysis cell construction ��� on NOM removal were investigated. In the wastewater treatment studies, the removal of malodorous sulphides and toxic compounds from the wastewaters and debarking effluents were studied. Also, the main parameters of the treatment, such as initial pH and current density, were investigated. Aluminium electrodes were selected for the raw water treatment, whereas wastewaters and debarking effluent were treated with iron electrodes. According to results of this study, aluminium is more suitable electrode material for electrocoagulation applications because it produces Al(III) species. Metal ions and hydroxides produced by iron electrodes are less effective in the destabilisation of pollutants because iron electrodes produce more soluble and less charged Fe(II) species. However, Fe(II) can be effective in some special applications, such as sulphide removal. The resulting metal concentration is the main parameter affecting destabilisation of pollutants. Current density, treatment time, temperature and electrolysis cell construction affect the dissolution of electrodes and hence also the removal of pollutants. However, it seems that these parameters have minimal significance in the destabilization of the pollutants besides this effect (in the studied range of parameters). Initial pH and final pH have an effect on the dissolution of electrodes, but they also define what aluminium or iron species are formed in the solution and have an effect on the ��-potential of all charged species in the solution. According to the results of this study, destabilisation mechanisms of pollutants by electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation are similar. Optimum DOC removal and low residual aluminium can be obtained simultaneously with electrocoagulation, which may be a significant benefit of electrocoagulation in surface water treatment compared to chemical coagulation. Surface water treatment with electrocoagulation can produce high quality water, which could be used as potable water or fresh water for industrial applications. In wastewater treatment applications, electrocoagulation can be used to precipitate malodorous sulphides to prevent their release into air. Technology seems to be able to remove some toxic pollutants from wastewater and could be used as pretreatment prior to treatment at a biological wastewater treatment plant. However, a thorough economic and ecological comparison of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation is recommended, because these methods seem to be similar in pollutant destabilisation mechanisms, metal consumption and removal efficiency in most applications.

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Spectral Radiative Properties of Combustion Gases in Oxy/Air-Fired Combustion Systems

Energy efficiency is one of the major objectives which should be achieved in order to implement the limited energy resources of the world in a sustainable way. Since radiative heat transfer is the dominant heat transfer mechanism in most of fossil fuel combustion systems, more accurate insight and models may cause improvement in the energy efficiency of the new designed combustion systems. The radiative properties of combustion gases are highly wavelength dependent. Better models for calculating the radiative properties of combustion gases are highly required in the modeling of large scale industrial combustion systems. With detailed knowledge of spectral radiative properties of gases, the modeling of combustion processes in the different applications can be more accurate. In order to propose a new method for effective non gray modeling of radiative heat transfer in combustion systems, different models for the spectral properties of gases including SNBM, EWBM, and WSGGM have been studied in this research. Using this detailed analysis of different approaches, the thesis presents new methods for gray and non gray radiative heat transfer modeling in homogeneous and inhomogeneous H2O���CO2 mixtures at atmospheric pressure. The proposed method is able to support the modeling of a wide range of combustion systems including the oxy-fired combustion scenario. The new methods are based on implementing some pre-obtained correlations for the total emissivity and band absorption coefficient of H2O���CO2 mixtures in different temperatures, gas compositions, and optical path lengths. They can be easily used within any commercial CFD software for radiative heat transfer modeling resulting in more accurate, simple, and fast calculations. The new methods were successfully used in CFD modeling by applying them to industrial scale backpass channel under oxy-fired conditions. The developed approaches are more accurate compared with other methods; moreover, they can provide complete explanation and detailed analysis of the radiation heat transfer in different systems under different combustion conditions. The methods were verified by applying them to some benchmarks, and they showed a good level of accuracy and computational speed compared to other methods. Furthermore, the implementation of the suggested banded approach in CFD software is very easy and straightforward.

Mik�� on air-fligt-periaate?

kuv., 14 x 22 cm

Mik�� on air-fligt-periaate?

kuv., 14 x 22 cm

Air policing turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksen�� Suomessa

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan air policingia turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksen�� Suomessa, Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen kautta. Tavoitteena oli selvitt���� Islannin ilmavalvonnasta k��ydyn julkisen keskustelun perusteella, miten air policing n��ytt��ytyy Suomen turvallisuuspolitiikassa. Air policingilla tarkoitetaan vieraan suvereenin valtion ilmatilan koskemattomuuden valvontaa ja turvaamista rauhan aikana. Suomen turvallisuuspolitiikassa air policing on aiemmin k��ytt��m��t��n ty��v��line. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin Suomessa k��yty�� julkista keskustelua Islannin ilmavalvonnasta. Keskustelua tutkittiin puolustusvoimien lakis����teisten teht��vien ja Suomen sotilaallisen liittoutumattomuuden n��k��kulmista. Tarkastelujen perusteella tehtiin johtop����t��ksi�� air policingista Suomen turvallisuuspoliittisena kysymyksen��. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui Islannin ilmavalvontaa k��sittelevist�� Helsingin Sanomien, Uuden Suomen, Kylkiraudan ja Sotilasaikakauslehden kirjoituksista, eduskunnan t��ysistuntojen p��yt��kirjoista sek�� keskeisten turvallisuuspoliittisten p����tt��jien lausunnoista. Tarkasteltava ajanjakso oli vuoden 2009 alusta vuoden 2012 loppuun. Tutkimusmenetelm�� oli sis��ll��nanalyysi. Islannin ilmavalvonnasta k��yty julkinen keskustelu koostui lyhyest�� jaksosta vuonna 2009 sek�� vilkkaasta ja laaja-alaisesta keskustelusta vuonna 2012. T��rkeimpi�� sis��lt��teemoja olivat Nato ja Suomen liittoutumattomuus sek�� pohjoismainen yhteisty��. Keskustelussa muodostui vastakkainasettelu, jossa toinen mielipide kannatti ja toinen vastusti Suomen osallistumista Islannin ilmavalvontaan. Puolustusvoimien lakis����teisi�� teht��vi�� k��siteltiin julkisuudessa v��h��n. Sen sijaan Suomen sotilaallinen liittoutumattomuus oli keskustelun ytimess��. Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen kriitikot katsoivat osallistumisen vaarantavan Suomen liittoutumattomuuden Islannin Nato-j��senyyden vuoksi. Hankkeen kannattajat perustelivat osallistumisen olevan osan tiivistyv���� pohjoismaista puolustusyhteisty��t��. Suomen ylin turvallisuuspoliittinen johto on ollut valmis ottamaan k��ytt����n air policingin Islannin ilmavalvontahankkeen yhteydess��. Kysymys on osoittautunut poliittisesti vaikeaksi, eik�� konsensusta ole saavutettu. Maaliskuussa 2013 n��ytt���� silt��, ett�� mahdollinen osallistuminen Islannin ilmavalvontaan toteutuu harjoitusmuotoisena, jolloin siin�� ei ole kyse varsinaisesta air policingista.

Indoor air quality at a waste incineration plant in Finland

Waste has been incinerated for energy utilization for more than a hundred years, but the harmful emissions emitted from the incineration plants did not begin to cause concern until the 1980s. Many plants were shutdown and the waste incineration plant in Kyl��saari Helsinki was one of them. In later years, new landfill regulations have increased the interest in waste incineration. During the last year, four new plants were taken into operation in Finland, Westenergy in Vaasa among them. The presence of dust has been observed indoors at Westenergy waste incineration plant. Dust is defined as particles with a diameter above 10 ��m, while fine particles have a diameter smaller than 2.5 ��m, ultrafine under 0.1 ��m and nanoparticles under 0.05 ��m. In recent years, the focus of particle health research has been changed to investigate smaller particles. Ultrafine particles have been found to be more detrimental to health than larger particles. Limit values regulating the concentrations of ultrafine particles have not been determined yet. The objective of this thesis was to investigate dust and particles present inside the Westenergy waste incineration facility. The task was to investigate the potential pollutant sources and to give recommendations of how to minimize the presence of dust and particles in the power plant. The total particle number concentrations and size distributions where measured at 15 points inside the plant with an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) Spectrometer. The measured particles were mainly in the ultrafine size range. Dust was only visually investigated, since the main purpose was to follow the dust accumulation. The measurement points inside the incineration plant were chosen according to investigate exposure to visitors and workers. At some points probable leakage of emissions were investigated. The measurements were carried out during approximately one month in March���April 2013. The results of the measurements showed that elevated levels of dust and particles are present in the indoor air at the waste incineration plant. The cleanest air was found in the control room, warehouse and office. The most polluted air was near the sources that were investigated due to possible leakage and in the bottom ash hall. However, the concentrations were near measured background concentrations in European cities and no leakage could be detected. The high concentrations were assumed to be a result of a lot of dust and particles present on surfaces that had not been cleaned in a while. The main source of the dust and particles present inside the waste incineration plant was thought to be particles and dust from the outside air. Other activities in the area around the waste incineration facility are ground work activities, stone crushing and traffic, which probably are sources of particle formation. Filtration of the outside air prior entering the facility would probably save personnel and visitors from nuisance and save in cleaning and maintenance costs.

[Air de Laodice]

Soitinnus: laulu����ni (sopraano), piano.

Ultrasonic and Electrokinetic Remediation of Low Permeability Soil Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants

Electrokinetics has emerged as a potential technique for in situ soil remediation and especially unique because of the ability to work in low permeability soil. In electrokinetic remediation, non-polar contaminants like most organic compounds are transported primarily by electroosmosis, thus the process is effective only if the contaminants are soluble in pore fluid. Therefore, enhancement is needed to improve mobility of these hydrophobic compounds, which tend to adsorb strongly to the soil. On the other hand, as a novel and rapidly growing science, the applications of ultrasound in environmental technology hold a promising future. Compared to conventional methods, ultrasonication can bring several benefits such as environmental friendliness (no toxic chemical are used or produced), low cost, and compact instrumentation. It also can be applied onsite. Ultrasonic energy applied into contaminated soils can increase desorption and mobilization of contaminants and porosity and permeability of soil through developing of cavitation. The research investigated the coupling effect of the combination of these two techniques, electrokinetics and ultrasonication, in persistent organic pollutant removal from contaminated low permeability clayey soil (with kaolin as a model medium). The preliminary study checked feasibility of ultrasonic treatment of kaolin highly contaminated by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The laboratory experiments were conducted in various conditions (moisture, frequency, power, duration time, initial concentration) to examine the effects of these parameters on the treatment process. Experimental results showed that ultrasonication has a potential to remove POPs, although the removal efficiencies were not high with short duration time. The study also suggested intermittent ultrasonication over longer time as an effective means to increase the removal efficiencies. Then, experiments were conducted to compare the performances among electrokinetic process alone and electrokinetic processes combined with surfactant addition and mainly with ultrasonication, in designed cylinders (with filtercloth separating central part and electrolyte parts) and in open pans. Combined electrokinetic and ultrasonic treatment did prove positive coupling effect compared to each single process alone, though the level of enhancement is not very significant. The assistance of ultrasound in electrokinetic remediation can help reduce POPs from clayey soil by improving the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds and degrading these contaminants through pyrolysis and oxidation. Ultrasonication also sustains higher current and increases electroosmotic flow. Initial contaminant concentration is an essential input parameter that can affect the removal effectiveness.

Persistent organic pollutants in sediments and fish from Lake Victoria, Uganda

This thesis describes the occurrence and sources of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the northern watershed of Lake Victoria. Sediments and fish were collected from three highly polluted embayments (i.e. Murchison Bay, Napoleon Gulf and Thurston Bay) of the lake. The analysis for PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs was done using a high resolution mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC), and a GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used for HCHs. Total (��) PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in sediments ranged from 3.19 to 478, 313 to 4325 and 60.8 to 179 pg g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. The highest concentrations of pollutants were found at sites close to industrial areas and wastewater discharge points. The maximum concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and HCHs in fish muscle homogenates were 49, 779, 495 and 45,900 pg g-1 wet weight (ww), respectively. The concentrations of the pollutants in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were significantly greater than those in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), possibly due to differences in trophic level and dietary feeding habits among fish species. World Health Organization-toxic equivalency quotient (WHO2005-TEQ) values in the sediments were up to 4.24 pg g-1 dw for PCDD/Fs and 0.55 pg TEQ g-1 dw for the 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). 23.1% of the samples from the Napoleon Gulf were above the interim sediment quality guideline value of 0.85 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 dw set by the Canadian Council for Ministers of the Environment. The WHO2005-TEQs in fish were 0.001-0.16 pg g-1 for PCDD/Fs and 0.001-0.31 pg g-1 ww for dl- PCBs. The TEQ values were within a permissible level of 3.5 pg g���1 ww recommended by the European Commission. Based on the Commission set TEQs and minimum risk level criteria formulated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the consumption of fish from Lake Victoria gives no indication of health risks associated to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic activities such as agricultural straw open burning, medical waste incinerators and municipal solid waste combustors were the major sources of PCDD/Fs in the watershed of Lake Victoria. The ratios of ��-/��-HCH varied from 0.89 to 1.68 suggesting that the highest HCH residues mainly came from earlier usage and fresh ��-HCH (lindane). In the present study, the concentration of POPs in fish were not significantly related to those in sediments, and the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) concept was found to be a poor predictor of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants.

Environmental Challenges in the Joint Border Area of Norway, Finland and Russia

This report examines the human impact on the subarctic environment of the joint border area of Norway, Finland and Russia. The aim is to present the current state and recent changes that have taken place in the region. The main threat to the environment is the Pechenganikel mining and metallurgical industrial combine in the towns of Nikel and Zapolyarny in the Kola Peninsula. Emissions from this complex include high levels of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and sulfur dioxide. Pollution, along with climate change, water level regulation and other anthropogenic effects, has affected the aquatic ecosystems in the joint border area. The main heavy metals in the area are copper and nickel, the highest concentrations of which are measured near the combine. Direct discharge of sewage into the river continues and airborne heavy metal particles are also deposited to areas farther away. Climate changeinduced increase in temperature and precipitation in the Kola Peninsula is evident. Water level regulation with seven hydropower plants in the Pasvik River have changed it into a series of lakes and lake-like reservoirs. This report discusses modelling, which was enabled to estimate the effect of climate change on Lake Inarij��rvi and the Pasvik River hydrology, water level fluctuation and ecology and to follow the sulfur dioxide emissions emitted from the Pechenganikel. Effects of pollution on the nature and concentrations of the main pollutants were studied and climate change in the border area and its effects on the ecology were estimated. Also the effects of water level regulation on the ecological status of the aquatic ecosystems were addressed.

Characterization of amine-based CO2 adsorbent for Direct Air Capture

Direct air capture technologies extract CO2 from air at a concentration of as low as 400ppm. The captured CO2 can be used for the production of synthetic methane or liquid fuels. In the literature survey of this thesis, results related to direct air capture by using solid sorbents are presented and critically discussed. In the experimental part, a proprietary amine functionalized resin is characterized for direct air capture. Structural comparison is also made to a commercial resin of similar type. Based on the literature survey, the most important parameters in direct air capture process are low adsorption and desorption temperatures, good cyclic stability in dry and humid conditions, high CO2 outlet purity and a high working capacity. Primary amine functionalized solid sorbents are found to often have good qualities for direct air capture, but overall process performance is rarely studied exhaustively. Based on FTIR spectra, both resin adsorbents are found to be consisted of polystyrene functionalized with primary amine, and capture CO2 by forming carbamate. The commercial resin is more porous, has a slightly higher particle size and contains fewer impurities. Important physical parameters are gained of the proprietary resin, such as internal porosity and median particle size. The resin���s amine group is found to endure thermal treatment reasonably well. CO2 adsorption capacity gained by thermal gravimetry from 400ppm CO2 is highest at 25oC, and is found to be reasonable compared to values presented in literature. Thus, the resin is stated to exhibit promising qualities for direct air capture.

Air-Sea Battle -konsepti John Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian n��k��kulmasta

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli analysoida Air-Sea Battle -konseptia ja sen l��ht��kohtana ollutta viholliskuvaa John Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian n��k��kulmasta julkisten asiakirjojen, raporttien ja artikkeleiden avulla. Tutkimusmenetelm��n�� on k��ytetty teoriaohjaavaa sis��ll��nanalyysia. Tutkimusongelmaksi muodostui: ���Miten Air-Sea Battle -konsepti n��ytt��ytyy Wardenin Enemy as a System -teorian n��k��kulmasta?��� Tutkimuskysymyksien avulla pyrittiin lis��ksi l��yt��m����n konseptin kehitt��miseen johtaneita tekij��it�� suurstrategisella tasolla, arvioimaan konseptin mukaista aseellisen voiman k��ytt���� sek�� analysoimaan konseptia suhteessa Wardenin n��kemyksiin sotilasstrategiasta. Wardenin Enemy as a System -teoria on esitelty tutkielman alkupuolella hy��dynt��en alkuper��istekstej��, aiheesta kirjoitettuja tutkimuksia ja artikkeleita sek�� sotataidollista kirjallisuutta. Air-Sea Battle -konseptia k��sittelev��n luvun aineisto on luokiteltu Wardenin nelj��n strategisen kysymyksen teemojen, eli tavoitteen, vaikuttamisen kohteiden, keinojen ja irtautumisen, mukaisesti. T��rkeimm��t l��hteet varsinaisen Air-Sea Battle -asiakirjan lis��ksi olivat Yhdysvaltojen turvallisuus- ja sotilasstrategiaa m����rittelev��t dokumentit, tutkimuslaitosten julkaisemat raportit sek�� aikakauslehtiartikkelit. Aineiston perusteella Yhdysvallat n��kee tiettyjen valtioiden, kuten Kiinan, kehittyv��t niin kutsutut anti-access/area denial -suorituskyvyt uhkana alueelliselle tasapainolle ja heid��n kyvylleen yll��pit���� sotilaallista l��sn��oloa strategisesti merkitt��vill�� alueilla. Air-Sea le -konseptin tavoitteena on m����ritell�� ja kehitt���� suorituskyvyt, operatiiviset suunnitelmat ja toimintamallit, joiden mukaan toimivalla joukolla kyet����n luomaan riitt��v�� pelotevaikutus konfliktin ehk��isemiseksi tai s��ilytt��m����n toiminnanvapaus alueella sen muodostuessa.