36 resultados para AERIAL STEMS


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UAV:t (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, miehittämätön ilma-alus) ovat maasta ohjattavia tiedustelu-, valvonta- ja pommikoneita. Vuonna 2003 alkanut operaatio Iraqi Freedom toimi erinomaisena testikenttänä Yhdysvaltojen miehittämättömille ilma-aluksille. Tutkielman näkökulma rakentuu yhdysvaltalaisen ilmasodankäynnin teoreetikon John Wardenin kehäteorian ympärille, jonka avulla pyritään havainnoimaan UAV:iden suorittamia lentotehtäviä operaation aikana. Tämä tutkielma on laadullinen eli kvalitatiivinen tutkimus. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään tapaustutkimusta. Sen avulla pyritään löytämään selityksiä tutkittavalle ilmiölle arkistolähteistä sekä muusta kirjallisuudesta. John Wardenin kehäteoria koostuu viidestä sisäkkäin olevasta kehästä, jotka rakentuvat eriarvoisista kohteista. UAV:t suorittivat operaation aikana tiedustelu- ja pommituslentoja jokaisella kehällä. Pääpaino oli sisimmällä kehällä, jossa UAV:illa tiedusteltiin Irakin johtamisjärjestelmän kohteita sekä suoritettiin pommituksia tutkakeskuksiin. Omia joukkoja tuettiin UAV:iden avulla siten, että ne tiedustelivat kulkureittejä sekä paikansivat vihollisen tykistö- ja ilmatorjuntakeskittymiä. Havainnot kohteista lähetettiin miehitetyille pommikoneille, jotka suorittivat sitten vaaditut ilmaiskut. Miehittämättömät ilma-alukset kykenivät toimimaan operaation aikana kaikilla teoriamallin kehillä vihollisen ilmatorjunnasta huolimatta. UAV:iden tiedustelutietojen avulla iskettiin täsmällisesti Irakin avainkohteita vastaan. Iskut johtivat lopulta vihollisorganisaation toiminnan lamaantumiseen. UAV on erittäin tehokas ja käytännöllinen ilma-ase, jota tullaan käyttämään enenevässä määrin tulevaisuuden ilmasodankäynnissä.

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This study examines the use of di erent features derived from remotely sensed data in segmentation of forest stands. Surface interpolation methods were applied to LiDAR points in order to represent data in the form of grayscale images. Median and mean shift ltering was applied to the data for noise reduction. The ability of di erent compositions of rasters obtained from LiDAR data and an aerial image to maximize stand homogeneity in the segmentation was evaluated. The quality of forest stand delineations was assessed by the Akaike information criterion. The research was performed in co-operation with Arbonaut Ltd., Joensuu, Finland.

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This thesis comprises seven peer-reviewed articles and examines systems and applications suitable for increasing Future Force Warrior performance, minimizing collateral damage, improving situational awareness and Common Operational Picture. Based on a literature study, missing functionalities of Future Force Warrior were identified and new ideas, concepts and solutions were created as part of early stages of Systems of Systems creation. These introduced ideas have not yet been implemented or tested in combat and for this reason benefit analyses are excluded. The main results of this thesis include the following: A new networking concept, Wireless Polling Sensor Network, which is a swarm of a few Unmanned Aerial Vehicles forming an ad-hoc network and polling a large number of fixed sensor nodes. The system is more robust in a military environment than traditional Wireless Sensor Networks. A Business Process approach to Service Oriented Architecture in a tactical setting is a concept for scheduling and sharing limited resources. New components to military Service Oriented Architecture have been introduced in the thesis. Other results of the thesis include an investigation of the use of Free Space Optics in tactical communications, a proposal for tracking neutral forces, a system for upgrading simple collaboration tools for command, control and collaboration purposes, a three-level hierarchy of Future Force Warrior, and methods for reducing incidents of fratricide.

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SAR/GMTI-tutka (Synthetic Aperture Radar/Ground Moving Target Indicator) tuottaa tiedustelutietoa johtamisen, tiedustelun, valvonnan ja maalinosoituksen tueksi. SAR/GMTI -tutka on luotettava tiedusteluväline tutkataajuusalueella tapahtuvan tiedustelutiedon tuottamisen ansiosta, jolloin tutkan käyttö ja tiedustelutiedon tuottaminen onnistuvat huonoissakin sääolosuhteissa. SAR/GMTI-tutkien käyttö on yleistynyt sotilaskäytössä viimeisen kahdenkymmenen vuoden aikana ja niillä on ollut suuri merkitys kaikissa suuremmissa konflikteissa kylmän sodan loppumisen jälkeen. SAR-tutka käyttää lavettina liikkuvaa alustaa, useimmiten lentokonetta, muodostaakseen virtuaalisen antenniryhmän ja signaaliprosessoinnin avulla, jolloin vastaanottimeen palautuvat kaiut sijoitetaan kohdilleen ja muodostetaan SAR-kuvaa. Tarkimmillaan nykyisten SARtutkien resoluutio on muutaman kymmenen senttimetrin luokkaa ja mittausetäisyydet suurimmillaan satoja kilometrejä. GMTI-tutka havaitsee liikkuvat kohteet, kun liikkuvista kohteista palautuvat kaiuilla on eri taajuus kuin ympäröivästä maastosta palautuvilla kaiuilla ja kohteet pystytään erottelemaan välkkeen seasta. GMTI-tutkan toiminta perustuu doppler-ilmiöön. SAR-tutkaa pystytään useimmiten käyttämään GMTI-moodissa. Sotilaskäytössä olevat GMTI-tutkat pystyvät havaitsemaan keskimäärin noin henkilöauton kokoisen maalin, joka liikkuu noin 5 km/h nopeudella. SAR/GMTI-tutkia on käytetty menestyksellisesti molemmissa Irakin sodissa Yhdysvaltojen toimesta, kun tasainen aavikko ei aiheuttanut juurikaan ongelmia alueen valvontaan ilmasta käsin. Sen sijaan haasteita SAR/GMTI-tutkille ovat aiheuttaneet operaatiot Balkanilla ja Afganistanissa korkean vuoriston, peitteisen maaston ja kohteiden hankalan tunnistettavuuden takia. Suoraan taistelun tukemiseen liittyen GMTI-tutkat ovat olleet hyödyllisiä, kun valvontakoneilta saadut tiedot liikkuvista vihollisosastoista on voitu lähettää datalinkkien kautta lähestulkoon reaaliajassa. SAR-tutkat ovat olleet hyödyllisiä ennen taisteluiden alkua tiedustelutiedon keräämisessä ja vaikeakulkuisessa maastossa SAR-tutkia on käytetty esimerkiksi taisteluvaikutuksen jälkiarviointiin. SAR/GMTI-tutkien suorituskyky kehittyy jatkuvasti laitteiden resoluution ja koon pienentyessä. Datalinkeillä voidaan välittää tietoa alajohtoportaille ja SAR/GMTI-tutkia on voitu sijoittaa esimerkiksi UAV-lennokkeihin (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), joilla on voitu suorittaa tarkempaa aluevalvontaa kuin mitä isomman kokoluokan valvontakoneilla voitaisiin toteuttaa.

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Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

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Outsourcing is a common strategy for companies looking for cost savings and improvements in performance. This has been especially prevalent in logistics, where warehousing and transporting are typical targets for outsourcing. However, while the benefits from logistics outsourcing are clear on paper, there are several cases companies fail to reach these benefits. The most commonly cited reasons for this are poor information flow between the company and the third party logistics partner, and a lack of integration between the two partners. Uncertainty stems from lack of information, and it can cripple the whole outsourcing operation. This is where enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems step in, as they can have a significant role in improving the flow of information, and integration, which consequently mitigates uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to examine if ERP systems have an effect on a company's decision to outsource logistics operations. Along the rapid advancements in technology during the past decades, ERP systems have also evolved. Therefore, empirical research on the subject needs constant revision as it can quickly become outdated due to ERP systems having more advanced capabilities every year. The research was conducted using a qualitative single-case study of a Finnish manufacturing firm that had outsourced warehousing and transportation operations in the Swedish market. The empirical data was gathered with use of semi-structured interviews with three employees from the case company that were closely related to the outsourcing operation. The theoretical framework that was used to analyze the empirical data was based on Transaction Cost Economics theory. The results of the study were align with the theoretical framework, in that the ERP system of the case company was seen as an enabler for their logistics outsourcing operation. However, the full theoretical benefits from ERP systems concerning extended enterprise functionality and flexibility were not attained due to the case company having an older version of their ERP system. This emphasizes the importance of having up-to-date technology if you want to overcome the shortcomings of ERP systems in outsourcing situations.