Vegetation of Lishkmokh mire in Vodlozersky National Park, eastern Karelian republic, Russia

Tiivistelm��: Karjalan tasavallan Vodlaj��rven kansallispuistossa sijaitsevan Lishkansuon kasvillisuus

Contrasting tree-ring data with fire record in a pine-dominated landscape in the Komi Republic (Eastern European Russia) : recovering a common climate signal

Abstract

Cross-border post-acquisition integration performed by a Nordic information & telecommunication technology company in the transition economy context of the Czech Republic

Diplomity��n tarkoituksena oli arvioida akvisition j��lkeist�� integraatioprosessia. Integraation tarkoitus on mukauttaa ostettu yritys toimivaksi osaksi konsernia. Ty��n empiirisen�� ongelmana oli yleisesti tunnustettu integraatiojohtamisen kompleksisuus. Samoin my��skin akateemisesta kirjallisuudesta puuttui koherentti malli, jolla arvioida integraatiota. Tutkimuskohteena oli akvisitio, jossa suomalainen tietotekniikkan suuryritys osti osake-enemmist��n tsekkil��isest�� keskisuuresta ohjelmistoyrityksest��. Tutkimuksessa generoitiin integraatiojohtamisen malli tietopohjaiseen organisaatioon. Mallin mukaan integraatio koostuu kolmesta eri��v��st��, mutta toisiaan tukevasta alueesta: organisaatiokulttuurin yhdentyminen, tietop����oman tasaaminen ja konsernin sis��isten prosessien yhdenmukaistaminen. N��ist�� kaksi kaksi j��lkimm��ist�� ovat johdettavissa, mutta kulttuurin yhdentymiseen integraatiojohtamisella voidaan vaikuttaa vain katalysoivasti. Organisaatiokulttuuri levitt��ytyy vain osallisten vuorovaikuksien kautta. Lis��ksi tutkimus osoitti, miten akvisitio on revolutionaarinen vaihe yrityksen kehityksess��. Integraation ensimm��inen ajanjakso on revolutionaarista. T��ll��in suurimmat ja n��kyvimm��t johdettavat muutokset pyrit����n saamaan aikaan, jotta integraatiossa edett��isiin evolutionaariseen kehitykseen. Revolutionaarisen intergaation vetojuhtana toimii integraatiojohto, kun taas evolutionaarinen integraatio etenee osallisten (organisaation j��senten) itsens�� toiminnan ja vuorovaikutusten kautta.

Lectio praecursoria: privatization as a means to property redistribution in Republic of Armenia and in the Russian Federation

Lectio praecursoria 3.6.2005 Tampereen yliopisto

Research of wood fuel market in Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus

The goal of the present work was to describe the wood fuel market of Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus, to estimate wood fuel potential and to research opportunities of wood fuel trading. Nowadays the wood waste, wood residues and by-products are becoming more and more potential raw materials for energy production. Against the background of unstable prices of traditional energy sources and environmental degradation, European States are planning to get 12% of energy from alternative sources already in 2010. Wastes of wood-working and agricultural productions are such sources. At present time the most popular wood biofuels are wood pellets, briquettes, wood chips and logs. Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus have a rather big potential of wood fuel resources. But wood fuels markets of these countries are on the entry level and quite disorganized. There is almost no domestic usage of wood biofuel. All produced pellets, briquettes as well as wood chips and logs go to the export, but the volumes are not high at present time. Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus have a very suitable geographical location. The most promising directions of wood fuel trading are developed wood fuel markets of Northern countries, Austria, Germany as well as actively developing markets of Poland and Hungary. At the long distance truck and sea transportation are the most appropriate. At a short distance cheap transportation by rail is more suitable. Thereby export is a potential opportunity for development of wood fuel production and in the future for usage in the researched countries.

A long way to the rainbow country : understanding the foreign market expansion process of Finnish corporations into the Republic of South Africa between 1999 and 2005

De afrikanska ekonomierna v��xer med n��ra fyra procent per ��r och detta ��r en god indikation p�� kontinentens v��xande betydelse. Under kalla kriget hade afrikanska regeringar haft ett begr��nsat utrymme f��r opportunistisk k��psl��ende, och d��rmed ��ven en marginal att positionera sig strategiskt. Alltf��r ofta uppmuntrade och beskyddade stormakterna diktatorer och sm�� lokala eliter som fr��mst ville berika sig sj��lv. I och med att globaliseringen tog fart och USA allt mera kom att dominera globalt, b��rjade en ny era i fr��ga om f��r��ndringar. Trots dessa f��r��ndringar p�� den globala arenan, har Afrika som kontinent hamnat i bakgrunden och j��mf��rt med andra utvecklingsl��nder har Afrika attraherat ett f��tal utl��ndska investeringar. Fortfarande, speciellt i Norden, finns det lite kunskap om hur utl��ndska f��retag expanderar sin aff��rsverksamhet p�� den afrikanska kontinenten. Det r��der brist p�� empiriska unders��kningar om vilken inverkan afrikanska institutionella f��r��ndringar och lokala aff��rsmilj��er har p�� internationaliseringen och p�� de utl��ndska f��retagens aff��rsutvecklingsstrategier p�� den afrikanska kontinenten. Med denna avhandling vill jag lyfta fram ett exempel p�� ett land (Sydafrika), som har lyckat dra nytta av de f��r��ndringar som 1990-talet f��rde med sig. I denna avhandling har jag intervjuat olika personer i ledande positioner inom olika finl��ndska f��retag i Finland och i Sydafrika. Avhandlingen skapar en referensram f��r att ��ka f��rst��else och f��rdjupa analys av hur en kombination av olika interna och externa resurser ��kar f��retagens konkurrenskraft och p�� det s��ttet bidrar till en framg��ngsrik aff��rsutveckling i Afrika. De politiska och sociala akt��rerna samt akt��rerna inom aff��rslivet besitter resurser som ambiti��sa f��retag kan dra nytta av i sin str��van att er��vra de nya framg��ngsrika marknaderna i Afrika. Gradvis ��kar finl��ndska f��retag sina insatser p�� den afrikanska kontinenten i str��van att skapa merv��rde f��r sina kunder. Den v��rdeskapande processen g��r att parterna m��ste n��rma sig varandra utg��ende fr��n sina egna strategiska m��ls��ttningar. Hittills har finl��ndska f��retag varit intresserad att s��lja till Afrika men inte intresserad att k��pa d��rifr��n. F��rutom de praktiska r��den till olika f��retag, f��resl��r avhandlingen hur den finska staten och den sydafrikanska staten kunde agera tillsammans f��r att fr��mja ��msesidigt handelsutbyte.

The progress and obstacles of implementing and improving e-government in Islamic Republic of Iran

To improving efficiency and transparency of government services, government authorities may increase the frequency of interaction between citizens and government as well as improving the quality of the government services and trust. Electronic Government (E-Government) in definition is the delivery of government services to citizens, businesses, and government organizations through the use of internet, web based applications, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is the solution to build more reliable and efficient contact with citizens. Like the developing and developed countries, Iran also has been processing the various aspects of ICT, IT, and e-Government. Though, in order to implement and improve e-Government; Iran has faced with some obstacles. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to study progress of e- Government and identify obstacles of implementing and improving e Government in Iran. In this thesis, based on the literature review, the progress of e-Government in Iran was studied and various obstacles were identified. Therefore, as a result, e- Government of Iran is said to be in the transactional stage of the United Nations��� e-Government maturity stages. In addition, establishing more reliable, efficient, and accurate e-Government initiatives, plans, guidelines, and strategies will extremely enhance e-Government status of Iran. On the other hand, the needs of the citizens should always be under consideration when implementing and improving e-Government services; because citizens are considered to be at the core of every e-Government services and the responsibilities of the authorities.

Suomi the republic farthest north

kuv., 12 x 19 cm

Republic-kuorma-autot

kuv., 18 x 12 cm

Collective redundancies in the State of California of the United States and in the Republic of Finland. Procedures and Provisions

Video games industry has recently bonded California and Finland in a new way and where the employers are recruiting they also need to be aware of the provisions and procedures related to terminations. In general, collective dismissals are on a relatively high level both in Finland and in California. In California, collective redundancies are regulated under the WARN law. The WARN obligates employers with 75 or more employees to give a 60-day notice prior to a mass lay off and some other similar events. Employers with less than 75 employees are free to administer the terminations without the WARN notice period. Generally, the California at-will presumption allows employment relationship to be terminated any day with or without reason and without notice period if conditions of collective agreements or employment contract do not limit this right. Termination cannot anyhow be in violation of the anti-discrimination law. In Finland the termination related provisions are part of the Employment Contracts Act and the Act on Co-operation within Undertakings. Collective redundancies are allowed under financial and production related grounds. Small employers with less than 20 employees follow the termination provisions of the Employment Contracts Act and are obligated to inform the employee to be terminated on the details of the termination itself and also the services of the Employment and Economic Development Office. Employers with 20 or more employees are to initiate co-operation procedure under the Act on Co-operation within Undertakings when reducing personnel. The co- operation negotiations are to inform employees on the employer���s plans and financial situation as well as to involve them in the decision making regarding the terminations. The employer���s duty to inform the employees of the services of Employment and Economic Development Office needs to be fulfilled also in terminations under the co-operation procedure. Discrimination is prohibited in Finland in terminations of employment. As an alternative for terminations, employees can for example be transferred to another position or be temporarily laid off. Employer���s duties related to search of alternatives for layoff are broader in Finland than in California. The recent development of the labor laws in Finland and in California suggests that the labor law is not static in either one of these environments but changes can be expected as the needs of the business life so require.

Globalization of pharmaceutical R&D. Pharmaceutical R&D governance forms in People's Republic of China

Yrityksen selviytyminen ja menestyminen ovat riippuvaisia sen kyvyst�� innovoida, luoda tietoa ja hy��dynt���� tiet��myst�� ja keksint��j�� (Dunk ja Kilgore 2001). Yrityksen menestyminen erityisesti korkean teknologian alalla on siten suoraan riippuvainen sen T&T:st��, johon tehdyt investoinnit tuovat merkitt��vi�� taloudellisia etuja yritykselle uusien tuotteiden, palveluiden ja prosessien muodossa (McEvily ja Chakravarthy 1999). Teknologinen etumatka ja sen tuotteistaminen innovatiivisiksi tarjoamiksi mahdollistaa monopolististen etujen saavuttamisen yrityksen kansainv��lisess�� kilpailussa (Lall 1977). T��m�� kaltainen kilpailuetu voidaan saavuttaa yrityksen kyvyll�� yhdist���� maantieteellisesti hajautettu T&T:ns�� tehokkaaksi verkostoksi (Porter 1986). Boehen (2008) mukaan T&T:n globalisoitumista voidaan johtaa eri hallint��muodoilla: T&T:n kansainv��listymisell��, T&T:n ulkomaille sijoittamisella ja T&T ulkomaille ulkoistamisella. T&T:n globalisoituminen on osa 2000-luvun taloudellista muutosta, ja sille on esitetty useita vaikuttavia tekij��it��, kuten kustannuserot, ty��voimaresurssit, erityisosaamiskeskukset, paikallinen teknologia osaaminen ja kohdemarkkinoiden potentiaali (bardhan 2006; Norwood, ym. 2006; von Zedtwitz ja Gassmann 2002). Tutkimuksen on osoitettu eroavan tuotekehityksest�� ja eri tekij��iden on osoitettu vaikuttavan niihin (von Zedtwitz ja Gassmann 2002; Leifer ja Triscari 1987). Samoin T&T on osoitettu olevan jatkumo perustavanlaatuisesta soveltavaan ja l����kekehityksen muodostavan vastaavan T&T jatkumon (Lall 1980; Iansiti 1993), jonka yksitt��iset osat vaikuttavat sen hallintomuotoon. Tutkimus esitt���� eri tekij��it�� voivan hy��dynt���� hallintomuodosta riippuen. T��t�� tutkimusta varten tutkija haastatteli l����keteollisuuden johtajia Kiinassa vahvistaakseen tai hyl��t��kseen eri tekij��it�� ja niiden suhdetta l����keteollisen T&T:n hallintomuotoihin. Markkinoiden todettiin olevan ensisijainen tekij�� mutta my��s kustannuserojen, insentiivien, ty��voimaresurssien ja erityisosaamiskeskusten merkitys T&T:n globalisoitumiseen vaikuttavina tekij��in�� vahvistettiin yhdess�� perusvaatimusten ja riskitekij��iden kanssa. Tutkimuksessa vahvistetaan my��s l����keteollisen T&T-jatkumon vaikutus ja esitet����n viitekehys hallintomuodoille.

Globalization of pharmaceutical R&D Pharmaceutical R&D governance forms in People's Republic of China

Firm's survival and success, which are dependent on its ability to innovate, to create knowledge and to capitalize on inventions and know-how, is in essence directly linked to its R&D process (Dunk and Kilgore 2001). Especially in technology driven industries, such as the pharmaceuticals, there are signi���cant positive returns to R&D investments through introduction of new or improved products and services (McEvily and Chakravarthy 1999). Technological lead and its transformation to innovative products as fruits of corporate R&D can be seen as monopolistic advantage that helps enterprises to compete in today���s market (Lall 1977). This competitive advantage can be derived from corporation's ability to integrate its activities across geographic locations (Porter 1986). According to Boehe (2008) globalization of R&D can executed with different governance forms: R&D internationalization, R&D offshoring or R&D offshore outsourcing. Globalization of R&D is intervened with the changes in global economy of the 21st century. Some studies argue for its influencing factors to be access to vast skilled labor pools and centers of excellence (Bardhan 2006). Other studies indicate the R&D cost differentials between countries to be the major expected benefit (Norwood et al. 2006). Von Zedtwitz and Gassmann (2002) presented benefits as divided to accessing markets and customers or to accessing local science and technology. This study proposes that based on governance form distinct factor derived benefits can be capitalized. To corroborate or refute factors and their relations on R&D globalization governance forms, an empirical study based on expert interviews of pharmaceutical directors was conducted in the People's Republic of China. The market was found to be the major influencing factor. Local requirements and adaptation were corroborated as factors connected with markets. Furthermore, influencing factors, such as labour, centers of excellence, cost, financial incentives were corroborated together with conditional and risk factors. Furthermore this research argues that the globalization of pharmaceutical R&D is dependent on the financial, scientific and operational requirements of the drug discovery stage. And thus establishes the influence of drug discovery's stages continuum on pharmaceutical R&D globalization. Finally, a R&D globalization governance form decision framework is proposed based on the frameworks presented in literature and author's corroborated empirical findings.