Biopolttoaineiden on-line -laadunmittauksen hyödyt energiantuotannossa

Biopolttoaineet ovat tärkeä energianlähde suomalaisessa energiantuotannossa. Biopoltto- aineille on kuitenkin ominaista laadun vaihtelevuus. Yksi tärkeimmistä laatutekijöistä on kosteus, joka vaikuttaa myös polttoaineen energiasisältöön. Laatutekijät puolestaan vai- kuttavat polttoainekäsittelyyn, polttoprosessiin ja koko laitoksen hyötysuhteeseen. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia voisiko biopolttoaineiden online-laadunmittaus tuoda lisäarvoa energiantuotantolaitokselle. Esimerkkinä käytettiin yhtä online-laadunmittaus- sovellusta, InrayFuel-röntgenmittausjärjestelmää. Sillä voidaan seurata biopolttoaineiden kosteutta ja polttoaineen sisältämiä vierasaineita. Työssä on laadittu kustannusanalyysi, jolla pyritään selvittämään, onko nykyisen kertaluontoisen mittausmenetelmän korvaami- nen jatkuvatoimisella kannattavaa. Esimerkkilaitoksena on Etelä-Savon Energian Pur- sialan voimalaitos, jossa röntgenmittausjärjestelmään on testattu. Saatujen tulosten mukaan investoiminen esimerkkimittausjärjestelmään maksaisi itsensä takaisin alle vuodessa. Kun laitoksella pystytään seuraamaan polttoaineen laatua jatkuva- toimisesti, laadunhallinta paranee ja sitä kautta voidaan saavuttaa kustannussäästöjä. Polt- toaineesta johtuvat häiriötilanteet vähenevät, polttoaine on mahdollista optimoida edulli- semmaksi polton kannalta ja poltto-olosuhteita voidaan säätää paremmin, jolloin päästöt vähenevät ja hyötysuhde kasvaa. Työssä käytetty laskenta analysoi kuitenkin hyvin ylei- sellä tasolla, sillä käytössä ei ollut laitoksen omaa taselaskentajärjestelmää. Laskenta siis sisältää paljon oletuksia. Tämän ja rohkaisevien tulosten vuoksi tutkimusta jatkuvatoimi- sen laadunmittauksen hyödyistä kannattaa tehdä enemmän.

Working towards the invisible repository

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Adsorption of arsenic from ammonia containing waste water by ferrous hydroxide waste

Arsenic is a toxic substance. The amount of arsenic in waste water is a raising problem because of increasing mining industry. Arsenic is connected to cancers in areas where arsenic concentration in drinking water is higher than recommendations. The main object in this master’s thesis was to research how ferrous hydroxide waste material is adsorbed arsenic from ammonia containing waste water. In this master’s thesis there is two parts: theoretical and experimental part. In theoretical part harmful effects of arsenic, theory of adsorption, isotherms modeling of adsorption and analysis methods of arsenic are described. In experimental part adsorption capacity of ferrous hydroxide waste material and adsorption time with different concentrations of arsenic were studied. Waste material was modified with two modification methods. Based on experimental results the adsorption capacity of waste material was high. The problem with waste material was that at same time with arsenic adsorption sulfur was dissolving in solution. Waste material was purified from sulfur but purification methods were not efficient enough. Purification methods require more research.

Nichesourcing for the benefit of linguistic research and native speakers

The National Library of Finland is implementing the Digitization Project of Kindred Languages in 2012–16. Within the project we will digitize materials in the Uralic languages as well as develop tools to support linguistic research and citizen science. Through this project, researchers will gain access to new corpora 329 and to which all users will have open access regardless of their place of residence. Our objective is to make sure that the new corpora are made available for the open and interactive use of both the academic community and the language societies as a whole. The project seeks to digitize and publish approximately 1200 monograph titles and more than 100 newspapers titles in various Uralic languages. The digitization will be completed by the early of 2015, when the Fenno-Ugrica collection would contain around 200 000 pages of editable text. The researchers cannot spend so much time with the material that they could retrieve a satisfactory amount of edited words, so the participation of a crowd in editing work is needed. Often the targets in crowdsourcing have been split into several microtasks that do not require any special skills from the anonymous people, a faceless crowd. This way of crowdsourcing may produce quantitative results, but from the research’s point of view, there is a danger that the needs of linguistic research are not necessarily met. Also, the number of pages is too high to deal with. The remarkable downside is the lack of shared goal or social affinity. There is no reward in traditional methods of crowdsourcing. Nichesourcing is a specific type of crowdsourcing where tasks are distributed amongst a small crowd of citizen scientists (communities). Although communities provide smaller pools to draw resources, their specific richness in skill is suited for the complex tasks with high-quality product expectations found in nichesourcing. Communities have purpose, identity and their regular interactions engenders social trust and reputation. These communities can correspond to research more precisely. Instead of repetitive and rather trivial tasks, we are trying to utilize the knowledge and skills of citizen scientists to provide qualitative results. Some selection must be made, since we are not aiming to correct all 200,000 pages which we have digitized, but give such assignments to citizen scientists that would precisely fill the gaps in linguistic research. A typical task would editing and collecting the words in such fields of vocabularies, where the researchers do require more information. For instance, there’s a lack of Hill Mari words in anatomy. We have digitized the books in medicine and we could try to track the words related to human organs by assigning the citizen scientists to edit and collect words with OCR editor. From the nichesourcing’s perspective, it is essential that the altruism plays a central role, when the language communities involve. Upon the nichesourcing, our goal is to reach a certain level of interplay, where the language communities would benefit on the results. For instance, the corrected words in Ingrian will be added onto the online dictionary, which is made freely available for the public and the society can benefit too. This objective of interplay can be understood as an aspiration to support the endangered languages and the maintenance of lingual diversity, but also as a servant of “two masters”, the research and the society.