Minimization of the experimental workload for the prediction of pollutants propagation in rivers. Mathematical modelling and knowledge re-use

The present thesis in focused on the minimization of experimental efforts for the prediction of pollutant propagation in rivers by mathematical modelling and knowledge re-use. Mathematical modelling is based on the well known advection-dispersion equation, while the knowledge re-use approach employs the methods of case based reasoning, graphical analysis and text mining. The thesis contribution to the pollutant transport research field consists of: (1) analytical and numerical models for pollutant transport prediction; (2) two novel techniques which enable the use of variable parameters along rivers in analytical models; (3) models for the estimation of pollutant transport characteristic parameters (velocity, dispersion coefficient and nutrient transformation rates) as functions of water flow, channel characteristics and/or seasonality; (4) the graphical analysis method to be used for the identification of pollution sources along rivers; (5) a case based reasoning tool for the identification of crucial information related to the pollutant transport modelling; (6) and the application of a software tool for the reuse of information during pollutants transport modelling research. These support tools are applicable in the water quality research field and in practice as well, as they can be involved in multiple activities. The models are capable of predicting pollutant propagation along rivers in case of both ordinary pollution and accidents. They can also be applied for other similar rivers in modelling of pollutant transport in rivers with low availability of experimental data concerning concentration. This is because models for parameter estimation developed in the present thesis enable the calculation of transport characteristic parameters as functions of river hydraulic parameters and/or seasonality. The similarity between rivers is assessed using case based reasoning tools, and additional necessary information can be identified by using the software for the information reuse. Such systems represent support for users and open up possibilities for new modelling methods, monitoring facilities and for better river water quality management tools. They are useful also for the estimation of environmental impact of possible technological changes and can be applied in the pre-design stage or/and in the practical use of processes as well.

The Methods of Possible Joint Treatment of Manure and Sewage Sludge in the Leningrad Region

The nutrient load to the Gulf of Finland has started to increase as a result of the strong economic recovery in agriculture and livestock farming in the Leningrad region. Also sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plant of the Leningrad region causes the great impact on the environment, but still the main options for its treatment is disposal on the sludge beds or Landfills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of possible joint treatment methods of manure form livestock and poultry enterprises and sewage sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Leningrad region. The study is based on published data. The most attention was put on the anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The manure and sewage sludge generation for the whole Leningrad region and energy potential produced from their treatment were estimated. The calculations showed that total amount of sewage sludge generation is 1 348 000 t/a calculated on wet matter and manure generation is 3 445 000 t/a calculated on wet matter. The potential heat release from anaerobic digestion process and incineration process is 4 880 000 GJ/a and 5 950 000 GJ/a, respectively. Furthermore, the work gives the overview of the general Russian and Finnish legislation concerning manure and sewage sludge treatment. In the Gatchina district it was chosen the WWTP and livestock and poultry enterprises for evaluation of the centralized treatment plant implementation based on anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The electricity and heat power of plant based on biogas combustion process is 4.3 MW and 7.8 MW, respectively. The electricity and heat power of plant based on manure and sewage sludge incineration process is 3.0 MW and 6.1 MW, respectively.

Competence in intensive and critical care nursing - development of a basic assessment scale for graduating nursing students

Intensive and critical care nursing is a speciality in its own right and with its own nature within the nursing profession. This speciality poses its own demands for nursing competencies. Intensive and critical care nursing is focused on severely ill patients and their significant others. The patients are comprehensively cared for, constantly monitored and their vital functions are sustained artificially. The main goal is to win time to cure the cause of the patient’s situation or illness. The purpose of this empirical study was i) to describe and define competence and competence requirements in intensive and critical care nursing, ii) to develop a basic measurement scale for competence assessment in intensive and critical care nursing for graduating nursing students, and iii) to describe and evaluate graduating nursing students’ basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing by seeking the reference basis of self-evaluated basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing from ICU nurses. However, the main focus of this study was on the outcomes of nursing education in this nursing speciality. The study was carried out in different phases: basic exploration of competence (phase 1 and 2), instrumentation of competence (phase 3) and evaluation of competence (phase 4). Phase 1 (n=130) evaluated graduating nursing students’ basic biological and physiological knowledge and skills for working in intensive and critical care with Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool version 5 (BKAT-5, Toth 2012). Phase 2 focused on defining competence in intensive and critical care nursing with the help of literature review (n=45 empirical studies) as well as competence requirements in intensive and critical care nursing with the help of experts (n=45 experts) in a Delphi study. In phase 3 the scale Intensive and Critical Care Nursing Competence Scale (ICCN-CS) was developed and tested twice (pilot test 1: n=18 students and n=12 nurses; pilot test 2: n=56 students and n=54 nurses). Finally, in phase 4, graduating nursing students’ competence was evaluated with ICCN-CS and BKAT version 7 (Toth 2012). In order to develop a valid assessment scale of competence for graduating nursing students and to evaluate and establish the competence of graduating nursing students, empirical data were retrieved at the same time from both graduating nursing students (n=139) and ICU nurses (n=431). Competence can be divided into clinical and general professional competence. It can be defined as a specific knowledge base, skill base, attitude and value base and experience base of nursing and the personal base of an intensive and critical care nurse. Personal base was excluded in this self-evaluation based scale. The ICCN-CS-1 consists of 144 items (6 sum variables). Finally, it became evident that the experience base of competence is not a suitable sum variable in holistic intensive and critical care competence scale for graduating nursing students because of their minor experience in this special nursing area. ICCN-CS-1 is a reliable and tolerably valid scale for use among graduating nursing students and ICU nurses Among students, basic competence of intensive and critical care nursing was self-rated as good by 69%, as excellent by 25% and as moderate by 6%. However, graduating nursing students’ basic biological and physiological knowledge and skills for working in intensive and critical care were poor. The students rated their clinical and professional competence as good, and their knowledge base and skill base as moderate. They gave slightly higher ratings for their knowledge base than skill base. Differences in basic competence emerged between graduating nursing students and ICU nurses. The students’ self-ratings of both their basic competence and clinical and professional competence were significantly lower than the nurses’ ratings. The students’ self-ratings of their knowledge and skill base were also statistically significantly lower than nurses’ ratings. However, both groups reported the same attitude and value base, which was excellent. The strongest factor explaining students’ conception of their competence was their experience of autonomy in nursing. Conclusions: Competence in intensive and critical care nursing is a multidimensional concept. Basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing can be measured with self-evaluation based scale but alongside should be used an objective evaluation method. Graduating nursing students’ basic competence in intensive and critical care nursing is good but their knowledge and skill base are moderate. Especially the biological and physiological knowledge base is poor. Therefore in future in intensive and critical care nursing education should be focused on both strengthening students’ biological and physiological knowledge base and on strengthening their overall skill base. Practical implications are presented for nursing education, practice and administration. In future, research should focus on education methods and contents, mentoring of clinical practice and orientation programmes as well as further development of the scale.

Yhteisneuvottelu ja viranomaisyhteistyö ympäristöasioissa : YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen yhteyden vahvistaminen

Tähän raporttiin on koottu Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen ja Etelä-Suomen aluehallintoviraston (AVI) yhteisen, YVA- ja ympäristölupa-menettelyjen yhteyttä edistävän kokeiluhankkeen ensimmäisen vaiheen (9 / 2015 – 8 / 2016) tulokset. Tavoitteena on ollut mm. selvittää ympäristövaikutusten arviointia (YVA), ympäristölupaa ja mahdollista kemikaaliturvallisuuslupaa edellyttävien hankkeiden etenemis-tä nopeuttavia käytäntöjä sekä keinoja parantaa viranomaisten välistä yhteistyötä. YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen ohella tarkasteltiin kaavoitusmenettelyä ja kaavoituksen liittymäpintoja muihin ympäristömenettelyihin. Tiedonkeruumenetelminä käytettiin haastatteluja, kyselyjä ja käytännön kokeiluja. Keskeinen tarkasteltu käytäntö oli toiminnanharjoittajan ja eri viranomaisten välinen yhteisneuvottelu. Neuvottelun tavoitteena on toiminnanharjoittajan hankkeeseen liittyvien YVA-, lupa-, Natura-arviointi-, ja kaavoitusmenettelyjen yhteensovittaminen. Lisäksi neuvottelussa on tarkoitus tunnistaa hankkeeseen liittyviä (ympäristö)selvitystarpeita sekä mahdollisuuksia parantaa yhteistyötä ja tiedonvaihtoa hankkeen kanssa tekemisissä olevien tahojen välillä. Vastaavantyyppisistä neuvotteluista on aiemmissa selvityksissä käytetty termiä ennakkoneuvottelu. Yhteisneuvotteluja voidaan järjestää hankkeen ja siihen liittyvien viranomaismenettelyjen eri vaiheissa. Neuvottelujen määrä, ajoittuminen ja osallistujat suunnitellaan tapauskohtaisesti, hankkeen tarpeista ja siihen liittyvistä viranomaismenettelyistä riippuen. Kaikissa hankkeissa yhteisneuvotteluja ei välttämättä tarvita. Tulosten perusteella raportissa suositellaan viranomaisten välisen yhteistyön parantamista mm. verkostoitumisen ja tiiviimmän yhteydenpidon keinoin. Samoin suositellaan viranomaismenettelyjen yhteensovittamista yhteisneuvottelujen avulla, menettelyjen tiiviimmän yhdistämisen kokeiluja, toiminnan asiakaslähtöisyyden lisäämistä ja viranomaistiedon saatavuuden parantamista. Neuvottelujen onnistumiseksi osallistujilta edellytetään luottamusta, yhteistyöhalukkuutta sekä vastuunottoa yhteensovittamiselle asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisesta. Lisäksi suositellaan, että yhteisneuvottelu säädetään lailla joustavaksi ja tapauskohtaisen harkinnan mahdollistavaksi. Kokeiluhankkeen toisessa vaiheessa (9 / 2016 – 2 / 2017) selvitetään tarkemmin YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen yhteyden vahvistamista ja viranomaisyhteistyön parantamismahdollisuuksia lupavaiheen näkökulmasta. Hankkeen loppuraportti ilmestyy alkuvuodesta 2017.