Mikrohuokoisen pinnoitteen kehittäminen suodatinkankaan päälle

Mikrohuokoisia membraaneja käytetään monissa suodatussovelluksissa kuten vedenpuhdistuksessa. Tämän työn tavoite oli pinnoittaa suodatinkankaita mikrohuokoisella membraanilla. Membraanimateriaalin ja suodatuskankaan yhdistelmällä tavoiteltiin komposiittimateriaalia, jolla on membraanin selektiivinen erotuskyky ja kankaan mekaaniset ominaisuudet. Tämän työn kirjallisuusosa käsittelee membraanin valmistusta faasi-inversiomenetelmällä, pinnoitteeksi soveltuvia membraanimateriaaleja sekä pinnoitteen lujittamista. Kokeellisessa osassa suodatuskankaalle kehitettiin sopivaa pinnoitusmenetelmää. Pinnoitemateriaaleina käytettiin akryylidispersioainetta, polyamidia ja polysulfonia. Tuloksista huomattiin, ettei akryylidispersioaine soveltunut pinnoitemateriaaliksi. Kangasta onnistuttiin pinnoittamaan polyamidilla ja pinnoitusolosuhteita kontrolloimalla saatiin aikaiseksi pinnoite, joka pysyi kankaassa kiinni ja jonka rakenne koostui noin 12 μm huokosista. Polymeeriliuoksen pitoisuuden huomattiin vaikuttavan pinnoitteen rakenteeseen, mutta siihen jäi edelleen suuria avoimia huokosia. Suuret yksittäiset huokoset laskivat kuplapistepainetta ja tekivät huokoskokojakaumasta leveämmän. Polyamidipitoisuudella 14 ja 16 m–% pinnoite oli tunkeutunut kankaan sisään ja sen rakenne oli huokoinen, mutta pintakerrokseen muodostunut tiivis ihokerros tukki materiaalia. Tulosten perusteella kankaiden pinnoittaminen membraanikerroksella on mahdollista mutta pinnoitusprosessia täytyy edelleen kehittää, jotta päästään pienempään huokoskokoon ja kapeampaan huokoskokojakaumaan pinnoitteessa.

Blade and rod coating of low solid dispersions

Työn aiheena oli tehdä ohut barrierkalvo terä- tai sauvapäällystys menetelmällä. Erilaisissa elintarvikepakkauksissa käytetään hyviä barrier-ominaisuuksia omaavia ohuita päällysteitä. Elintarvikepakkauksen tehtävä on suojata pakattua tuotetta ympäristöltä, mahdollistaa helppo kuljetus ja säilytys sekä antaa tarvittavat tiedot tuotteesta tuotteen käsittelijöille ja loppukäyttäjille. Diplomityön teoriaosuudessa keskityttiin barrierpäällystykseen, eri päällystysmenetelmiin, niiden erityisvaatimuksiin ja ominaisuuksiin. Teoriaosuudessa käsiteltiin myös vaadittavia barrier-ominaisuuksia ja haasteita niiden saavuttamisessa. Kirjallisuuden perusteella haasteiksi nousivat helposti muodostuvat mikroreiät. Kokeellinen osa jakautui kahteen osakokonaisuuteen: laboratoriokokeisiin ja pilot-koeajoon. Laboratoriokokeita tehtiin ennen pilot-ajoa, jotta pilot-koeajoon voitiin valita parhaat päällystereseptit. Pilot-koeajonäytteiden päällystemäärät osoittautuivat liian pieniksi ja siksi laboratoriossa tehtiin jatkotutkimuksia riittävän päällystemäärän saavuttamiseksi. Tämän työnperusteella pohjakartongin ominaisuuksilla, erityisesti karheudella, on merkittävä vaikutus päällystyksen onnistumisessa ja yksinkertaisilla resepteillä ja päällystysmenetelmillä ei saada tarpeeksi laadukasta kalvoa.

Possibility to add a barrier layer to a fibre tray package in the moulding stage

The main objective of the present study was to analyze the best approach on how to coat paperboard trays at the pressing stage. The coating gives the paperboard enhanced barrier and mechanical properties. The whole process chain of the barrier coating development was studied in the research. The methodology applied includes obtaining the optimum temperature at which good adhesion and bonding is formed between paperboard and skin film. Evaluation of mechanical properties after the coatings; such as cracking, curling and barrier properties was performed.

Nåden och gåvan i Philipp Melanchthons rättfärdiggörelselära 1521-1535

In this thesis Philip Melanchthon’s doctrine of justification is analyzed, especially the aspects of favor and donum in his writings until 1535. The research task is defined in the introduction of the thesis. Researchers agree, that Melanchthon emphasized the forensic aspect of the doctrine of justification, but this is not the case with the effective aspect of his doctrine of justification. Therefore, I have chosen to focus on the concepts of favor (grace) and donum (gift). The thesis begins with an analysis of the first edition of the Loci communes of 1521 in chapter two, and it ends with the second edition from 1535 in chapter seven. Melanchthon’s most important writings from the intervening period are analyzed in chapters three to six. In chapter eight, I describe my final results from the analysis. Although I have focused on how Melanchthon perceived the relationship between favor and donum, I have also taken note of such loci that are associated with his view of justification. I have done this in order to get a clearer picture of Melanchthon’s doctrine of justification, and of the issues which change in his theological thinking over time. In the research overview in chapter one, I divided the researchers in four different groups depending on how they perceive Melanchthon’s doctrine of justification. This classification is of course not comprehensive, since the reality is much more complicated. The main interpretations present in Melanchthon research are: 1. Christ as favor in justification, but donum is excluded from justification. 2. Christ as favor in justification, but the Spirit is donum in justification. 3. Christ as both favor and donum in justification until the early 1530s. 4. Christ as both favor and donum in justification throughout his life. The fourth option is in my opinion the most preferable. The analysis of Melanchthon’s writings shows that he expects both a forensic, and an effective aspect in the doctrine of justification throughout the examined period. Melanchthon strongly emphasizes that justification is by grace alone through faith for Christ’s sake, but also that the Holy Spirit works the justifying faith, and is the gift bestowed on believers in connection with this. Where the opponents according to Melanchthon see deeds, virtues, or a quality in the believer as the cause of the justification, there Melanchthon sees only Christ.

Livets källa kärleken : hälsans urkraft

This basic research focuses on the ethos of health and the human being's becoming in health. The theoretical perspective consists of the caring tradition within caring science developed at Åbo Akademy University. The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to uncover a new understanding as well as to deepen and attain a more nuanced understanding of the ethos of health, the essence of health, by penetrating to the core of what gives the human being the strength for experiencing a becoming in health. The research questions are as follows: l) What is the human being's source of strength? and 2) What reveals the source of strength so that the human being can perceive it and dedicate its strength in order to experience a becoming in health? The primary methodology used in the dissertation is hermeneutical. The material consists of the work Kärlekens gerningar by Kierkegaard, texts from focused interviews with respondents who have lived through severe personal suffering, as well as the book Det bländande mörkret by Wikström. These texts are interpreted through hermeneutical reading. The new horizon of understanding that emerges is reflected towards Eriksson's caritative theory, towards prior research within the tradition of caring science at Åbo Akademy University and towards previous national and international studies within this field. The new understanding shows that the human being's source of strength is love, the essence and origin of life. The substance of health is love, which, through the trinity of faith, hope and love, also makes possible the existence of the source of strength. Love has a deeper dignity than faith and hope, is connected with eternity and is the uniting link between temporality and eternity. The human being's inner longing entails an ontological attraction towards the source of strength. This source of strength is hidden, which provides and maintains its force, like a mystery connected with the darkness of suffering that hides the secret representing the source of strength, life's mystery, bu t w hi ch is revealed in both the darkness of suffering and in the light of joy. The dedication of strength requires freedom, willingness and courage to see the light, despite awareness of shame and guilt. Creative acts liberate the human being for the dedication of strength, which is preceded by a holy presence where, in solitude, the human being makes sacrifices for the sake of his or her human smallness and weakness, and allows himself or herself to be enclosed by the darkness of suffering to discover the light from the source. This entails being enraptured in a quiet "doing" in order to experience the beauty that bears witness to the holy which creates unity. The source of strength is revealed through beauty. The ethos of the human being and the ethos of health have the same fundamental substance, whilst the ethos of life possesses the deepest dimension and concerns the mysterious and infinite eternity. The ethos of life, eternity, which is a wellspring of strength, is not in itself strength-giving unless it is allied with love. Health can be understood in the light of life, of which death is an inevitable part. Life itself constitutes and creates the source which, through its alliance with eternity' s primordial wellspring of strength, generates strength from which the human being's source of strength, love, receives its eternal fervour. The human being is fundamentally interconnected with an abstract other, the first love, a universal wellspring of strength. Through Communion with this abstract other a dedication of the strength to experience a becoming in health becomes possible. Love for one's neighbour is the fundamental substance in the movement of becoming in health. Becoming in health presupposes a simultaneous movement in which the human being practices the human calling through ethos. As one loves one's neighbour through actions the still forces of eternity are in motion. When life emerges in the foreground and becomes the home of the human being, a dedication of the power of love is possible. Life itself determines the human being's becoming in health. A humble fundamental attitude towards life constitutes the basis for a continuous dedication of vitality from this source.

Effect of ambient conditions on dimensional stability and stiffness of commercial paperboard and paperboard trays

The objective of this study was to develop laboratory test methods for characterizing the effects of changed moisture content on paperboard trays produced by press-forming process. Influence of moisture on the properties of unconverted paperboard such as bending stiffness, bursting strength, and curling was studied. Paperboard and tray samples were tested after storing in different relative humidity conditions (35, 50, 65, 80 and 95% RH). The effect of PE and PET extrusion coatings on these properties was also studied. It was found that increase in moisture content of paperboard decreases bending and bursting strength, dimensional stability and stiffness of paperboard trays. Such physical and mechanical properties as bending stiffness and curling of paperboard seem to define the stiffness of ready-made trays and their dimensional stability. Paperboards and trays with extruded PE and PET one sided coatings demonstrated higher strength properties but at the same time had lower dimensional stability comparing to uncoated paperboards. Samples with smaller polymer coat weight had better dimensional stability than respective samples with higher coat weight. It was also found that preconditioning of paperboard in lower humidity environment before press-forming could improve dimensional stability and stiffness of ready-made tray.

Jöns Budde och hans skrifter – yngre fornsvenskt textmaterial och mannen bakom det

Tutkielman aiheena on kieli ja tyyli Jöns Budden latinasta muinaisruotsiksi kääntämissä teksteissä. Tarkoituksena on tutkia, millaisia tekstejä Budde käänsi ja missä tarkoituksessa. Lisäksi tutkin kielikontakteja latinaan ja saksaan sekä Buddea henkilönä hänen tuotantonsa valossa. Arvioin myös aiempien Buddeen liittyvien hypoteesien paikkansapitävyyttä. Materiaali käsittää kaikki tekstit, joiden yleisesti oletetaan olevan Budden kääntämiä. Osa on anonyymejä, mutta niiden yhteys Buddeen on erittäin todennäköinen. Aineisto käsittää noin 1350 sivua painetuissa editioissa. Tutkimus on materiaalilähtöistä: tarkan tekstinluvun ja teksti-interpretaation kautta olen kiinnittänyt huomioni erilaisiin etupäässä tyylillisiin seikkoihin, joita kommentoin ottaen huomioon kulttuurihistoriallisen kontekstin. Tutkimus kohdistuu kielenkäyttöön tietyssä konkreettisessa materiaalissa eli tarkastelun kohteina ovat parole ja synkronia ensisijaisemmin kuin diakronia ja langue eli kieli systeeminä ja resurssina. Metodina on siten filologinen teksti-interpretaatio, ja tutkimus on kommentaari Budden teksteihin. Keskeinen tulos on, että Budde on tietoinen stilisti, joka käyttää kieliopin ja stilistiikan keinoja sisällöllisten asioiden painottamiseen ja dramatisointiin. Budden tyyli-ihanteilla on suureksi osaksi esikuvia latinassa, mutta Budde ei noudata niitä orjallisen sokeasti, vaan on itsenäinen alkuteksteihin nähden. Toinen merkittävä tulos liittyy Budden kääntämien Raamatun kirjojen tarkoitukseen. Käsitykseni mukaan niitä ei ole tarkoitettu luettaviksi sellaisenaan, vaan apuvälineiksi luettaessa varsinaista pyhää kirjaa eli Vulgataa latinaksi. Tekstien tekijyyteen liittyvät aiemmat hypoteesit saavat tukea tutkimuksestani, kun taas Budden aristokraattisiin yhteyksiin ja hänen mahdollisiin opintoihinsa Saksassa liittyvät hypoteesit osoittautuvat liian rohkeiksi ottaen huomioon säilyneiden lähteiden niukkuuden.

Den Äldsta – livet är ett tillägnande : en vårdvetenskaplig explorativ studie av ett meningsbärande budskap och en innerlig visdom

In the background of the thematic The Eldest – life is acquiring one finds both previews and myths. Wisdom belongs to these myths. The hermeneutical philosophy refers to thinking as o movement from myth to logos in a dialogical oneness. The research uncovers dimensions in the element wisdom as empowered. The experiences of older are saved for further learning and transformation to younger with reference to vulnerable situations where common regulations are no more usefull. The interest goes to an Eldest. The Eldest in the study is pictorial in accordance to the main literature in the study.The Eldest is etymological, fictive and symbolic: – a man who understands higher matters of life, even Gods holy matters. She will set the fulfillment of others as the highest endowment out of an innermost ethos and an innermost wisdom. The innermost is wisdom. The aim is to discover a meaningful message in life is acquiring. In order to see and to learn from the experiences the study aim to uncover the innermost, an innermost wisdom out of a caritative approach. This innermost is anticipated as a longing for unity and health in dayly matters and in a caring ability for the other. The main overstatement is: What will this most meaningfull and innermost by the Eldest out of a living in factual life mirrored in a caring perspective be? Two questions expired; what will the meaningful message in the acquiring be? What will the innermost wisdom in serving the good be? This message and its innermost wisdom will get an expanded meaning out of a caring sentence: Man who dare – seeing back with gratitude, seeing forward in confidence, seeing aside with love and upward in fate wear that dignity, that holiness and that mercy and empathy which belong to life in its basics. The persons attending the research are situated in two contexts. One group has roots in the Lutheran church and the other in a caring profession. The datamaterial is formed out of the usages from these persons, from the spoken (conversation) and the written word (a guestbook). The usages as particular and common are continually integrated in the leading caring sentence from the beginning of the study to the end. The usages stand by the methodological for the final message and wisdom and at the same they form the operative dimension in the study, the evident and the validity. The overarching methodological approach is in the hermeneutic philosophy in accordance with the abductive logic. The usages out of two research groups are most significant in this deductive, inductive and abductive strategy. The usages from the research groups are confronted with the caring sentence in dialogical spaces, halts. The meaning and the innermost searched for will be pictured through the abductive and hermeneutic interpretation and will stand for an articulation of and a successively expansion of meaning. A twine of horizons out of the entire dissemination, the deductive and the inductive, creates the result, as the final message as the ground for an understanding of an even more embracing meaning in an innermost wisdom. The identified bearing movement in the groups in accordance with the caring sentence goes for something higher, something higher than me, to the wellbeing of the other. A conclusion is made and a thesis is identified. This thesis is out from the usages: What can I do in a creating of this caritative? An antithesis is also identified, is a man able to look outside one own and go to something higher, something greater? The synthesis is articulated as a dialogical movement from something … to something higher. The bridge could be maturation, transcendence, the divine or wisdom. The statement finds its root in the attending groups but a difference is also identified. This higher matter is different. The contexts and their meaningfulness decide. A final statement is: learn to see man and her matters hold in life.

Vidrörd av livet i dödens närhet - att varda som människa och vårdare i vårdandets gemenskap

The overall aim of the study is to create a theory model of “becoming” as a human being and health care provider in the caring communion at the end-of-life. The theoretical perspective of the study is caring science as it is developed at Åbo Academy University in Finland outlined in Eriksson's theory of caritative caring with focus on caring ethics. The thesis consists of four sub-studies reported as scientific articles and a summary section. The study has an overarching hermeneutic research approach. The sub-studies I-IV are reinterpreted from viewpoint of the overall question. Empirical assumptions could then be discerned from the substance of the four substudies, which raised questions. The answers to these questions were sought in dialogue with selected texts by Kierkegaard and resulted in a theory model. The theory model results in following theses: 1. To “become” as a human being is to remain in an endless guilt. Guilt is a form of love. It is guilt that give strength and willingness to act in love and mercy when caring for patients at the end-of-life. The guilt as love allows becoming as a human being to be at home in love and mercy. 2. The human being’s courage is characterized as the willingness to obtain contact with the life of fellow human beings. This courage develops over time to stand for itself, with a foundation of belief in human beings, and resulting in a selfless, loving way to help the patients grieve and reconcile at the end-of-life. 3. To be “touched” can be illustrated as an inner awakening; an inner movement towards consciousness for the examination of the love for one another, and to love unselfishly. 4. The human being’s evolution in its own understanding of life occurs in the care of another human being who is at the end-of-life, as well as to be at home in ethos, love and mercy. Becoming in this context means that the human being evolves to become responsive to the heart's inner voice; an inner strength and joy which opens to the eternal and holy. 5. To overcome external obstacles is characterized as serving human beings in a selfless love; a caring in love that has requirements that need to be expressed by what is true, beautiful and good for patients at the end-of-life. An awareness and understanding of what it means to become as a human being and health care provider in caring community can help health care providers to easily focus on the patient.