22 resultados para Caspian_Sea_Western_part_1991-1993
Resumo:
Background: Interest in limb defects has grown after the thalidomide tragedy in the 1960s. As a result, congenital malformation registries, monitoring changes in birthprevalence and defect patterns, have been established in several countries. However, there are only a few true population based studies on birth prevalence of upper limb defects. The burden of hospital care among these children, specifically in terms of the number of admissions and total time spent in hospital, is also unknown. Aims and Methods: This study is based on information gathered from the Finnish Register of Congenital malformations (FRM) and the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). A total of 417 children born between 1993 and 2005 with an upper limb defect were gathered from the FRM. The upper limb defects were classified using the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand -classification that enables comparison with previous and future studies. Birth and live birth prevalence, sex and side distribution, frequency of associated anomalies as well as the proportion of perinatal and infant deaths according to the different subtypes were calculated. The number of hospital admissions, days spent in hospital, number and type of surgical operations were collected from the FHDR. Special features of two subgroups, radial ray defects (RRD) and constriction band syndrome (CBS), were explored. Results: Upper limb defects were observed in 417 of 753 342 consecutive births and in 392 of 750 461 live births. Birth prevalence was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. Multiple anomalies or a known syndrome was found in 250 cases (60%). Perinatal mortality was 139 per 1000 births and infant mortality 135 per 1000 live births (overall Finnish perinatal mortality <5 per 1000 births and infant mortality 3.7 per 1000 live births). Altogether, 138 infants had RRD and 120 (87%) of these had either a known syndrome or multiple major anomalies. The proportion of perinatal deaths in RRD group was 29% (40/138) and infant deaths 35% (43/123). Fifty-one children had CBS in upper limbs. Fifteen of these (29%) had other major anomalies associated with constriction rings. The number of hospital admissions per year of children with congenital upper limb defects was 11-fold and the time spent in hospital 13-fold as compared with the general paediatric population. Conclusions: Birth prevalence of congenital upper limb defects was 5.5 per 10 000 births and 5.2 per 10 000 live births. RRD was especially associated with other major anomalies and high mortality. Nearly one third of the children with CBS also had other major anomalies suggesting different aetiologies inside the group. The annual burden of hospital care of children with congenital upper limb defects was at least 11-fold as compared with the general paediatric population.
Resumo:
Suomessa astui voimaan vuoden 1993 alussa joukko uusia tulo- ja varallisuusverolakeja, jotka eriyttivät toisistaan ansio- ja pääomatulojen verotuksen. Verouudistus oli maan historian mittakaavassa poikkeuksellisen laajamittainen ja nopeasti toteutettu. Uudistus on sittemmin toisinaan käsitetty eräänlaiseksi uusjaoksi ansiotulonsaajilta pääomatulonsaajien hyväksi. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitetään yhtäältä tilastopohjaisen argumentoinnin, toisaalta verohistorian keinoin, voidaanko annettua verouudistusta pitää tämän kasvun selittävänä uusjakona, vai tuleeko tuloerojen sinänsä 1990-luvulla tapahtuneelle kasvulle etsiä muita syytekijöitä. Tutkielmani käyttää menetelminään perinteistä lähdekritiikkiä ja marxilaista voiton suhdeluvun laskutendenssin lain teoriaa. Näiden avulla on tultu tulokseen, jonka mukaan verouudistusta ei voida pitää tuloerojen kasvua selittävänä tekijänä, vaan niiden kasvu selittyy ennemmin pääoman tuottavuuden parantumisella 1990‒2000-luvulla.
Resumo:
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