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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Strategic Innovation Management Based on Three Dimensions

This thesis examines innovation development needs of firms in a remote rural region. The perspective of the study is in strategic innovation management and three dimensions of innovation development: innovation environment, value delivery and innovation capability. The framework is studied with a theoretical and methodological approach in the context of the development of a regional innovation system and the defining of innovation development needs. The thesis is based on existing innovation management literature, expanding it by examining the features of the three dimensions. The empirical data of the study comprise 50 purposefully selected firms within the region of Pielinen Karelia located in Eastern Finland. Most of the firms (70%) included in the study represent manufacturing firms, and over 90% are small and medium-sized enterprises. The research data consist of two questionnaires and an interview, which were done during 2011 in the connection of a regional development project. The point of view of the research is in regional development and harnessing the innovation capability of the firms within the region. The principal research approach applies soft systems methodology. The study explores the means to foster the innovativeness of firms from the viewpoints of innovation environment, innovation capability and value delivery. In closer detail, the study examines relations between the innovation capability factors, differences in innovation development needs within the value delivery system, between sectors and between firm size categories. The thesis offers three major contributions. First, the study extends earlier research on strategic innovation management by connecting the frameworks of innovation capability, innovation environment and value delivery process to the defining of innovation development needs at the regional level. The results deepen knowledge especially concerning practice-based innovation, peripheral regions and smaller firms. Second, the empirical work, based on a case study, confirms the existence of a structural connection integrating five factors of innovation capability. Statistical evidence is provided especially for the positive impacts of the improvement of absorption capability, marketing capability and networking capability, which are the main weaknesses of firms according to the study. Third, the research provides a methodological contribution by applying the innovation matrix in the defining of the innovation development needs of firms. The study demonstrates how the matrix improves possibility to target policy instruments and innovation services more efficiently through indicating significant differences between the innovation support needs regarding various time horizons and phases of innovation process.

Inviting the Audience – Interactive, Participatory, and Social Television in Finland

The television and the ways it has invited the audience to take part have been changing during the last decade. Today’s interaction, or rather participation, comes from multiplatform formats, such as TV spectacles that combine TV and web platforms in order to create a wider TV experience. Multiplatform phenomena have spread television consumption and traditional coffee table discussions to several different devices and environments. Television has become a part of the bigger puzzle of interconnected devices that operates on several platforms instead of just one. This thesis examines the Finnish television (2004–2014) through the notion of audience participation and introduces the technical, thematic, and social linkages as three different phases, interactive, participatory, social, and their most characteristic features in terms of audience participation. The aim of the study is also to focus on the idea of a possible change by addressing the possible and subtler variations that have taken place through the concept of digital television. Firstly, Finnish television history has gone through numerous trials, exploring the interactive potential of television formats. Finnish SMS-based iTV had its golden era around 2005, when nearly 50% of the television formats were to some extent interactive. Nowadays, interactive television formats have vanished due to their negative reputation and this important part of recent history is mainly been neglected in the academic scope. The dissertation focuses also on the present situation and the ways television content invites the audience to take part. “TV meets the Internet” is a global expression that characterises digital TV, and the use of the Web combined with television content is also examined. Also the linkages between television and social media are identified. Since television can nowadays be described multifaceted, the research approaches are also versatile. The research is based on qualitative content analysis, media observation, and Internet inquiry. The research material also varies. It consists of primary data: taped iTV formats, website material, and social media traces both from Twitter and Facebook and secondary data: discussion forums, observations from the media and Internet inquiry data. To sum up the results, the iTV phase represented, through its content, a new possibility for audiences to take part in a TV show (through gameful and textual features) in real-time. In participatory phase, the most characteristic features from TV-related content view, is the fact that online platform(s) were used to immerse the audience with additional material and, due to this, to extend the TV watching enjoyment beyond the actual broadcast. During the Social (media) phase, both of these features, real-timeness, and extended enjoyment through additional material, are combined and Facebook & Twitter, for example, are used to immerse people in live events (in real-time) via broadcast-related tweets and extra-material offered on a Facebook page. This thesis fills in the gap in Finnish television research by examining the rapid changes taken place on the field within the last ten years. The main results is that the development of Finnish digital television has been much more diverse and subtle than has been anticipated by following only the news, media, and contemporary discourses on the subject of television. The results will benefit both practitioners and academics by identifying the recent history of Finnish television.

Jätevedenpumppaamoiden ylivuotojen ja jätevedenpuhdistamoiden ohitusten ympäristöriskit ja hallinta Pirkanmaalla

Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin Pirkanmaalla tapahtuvia pumppaamoylivuotoja ja puhdistamo-ohituksia sekä arvioitiin niiden aiheuttamia ympäristöriskejä ja hallintamahdollisuuksia. Lisäksi tutkittiin kyseisten jätevesipäästöjen raportointikäytäntöjä sekä paikkatietoanalyysin hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia päästöjen vaikutusten arvioinnissa. Tietoa tarkasteltavista päästöistä kerättiin vuosilta 2002–2014 puhdistamoiden vuosiraporteista ja VAHTI-järjestelmästä (Valvonta- ja kuormitustietojärjestelmä), kyselytutkimuksen avulla sekä puhdistamovierailuiden yhteydessä suoritetuilla teemahaastatteluilla. Puhdistamovierailut tehtiin esimerkkikunniksi valittujen Lempäälän, Parkanon ja Sastamalan puhdistamoille. Ympäristöriskianalyysi toteutettiin ryhmäanalyysina. Tutkimuksen perusteella Pirkanmaalla purkautuu ympäristöön jätevesiä pumppaamoylivuotoina ja puhdistamo-ohituksina enemmän kuin niitä raportoidaan viranomaiselle. Raportointikäytäntöjä kannattaisi yhtenäistää ja yksinkertaistaa. Päästöjen määrä ei ole yleisesti poikkeavan suuri verrattuna muiden maakuntien puhdistamoilta raportoituihin päästöihin. Tarkastellulla ajanjaksolla kyseisiä päästöjä on raportoitu koko Pirkanmaalta useana vuonna noin 150 000 m3, mikä on käytettyjen tietojen mukaan noin 0,3 % käsiteltäväksi tarkoitetusta jätevedestä. Päästöjen osuus puhdistamoiden ympäristökuormituksesta on merkittävä, jopa kymmeniä prosentteja, vaihdellen vuosittain ja puhdistamoittain. Lukuihin on kuitenkin syytä suhtautua varauksella datan epätarkan luonteen vuoksi. Esimerkkikunnista löytyi pumppaamoylivuotojen ja puhdistamo-ohitusten aiheuttamia ympäristöriskejä, joten todennäköisesti ympäristöriskejä aiheutuu monien muidenkin kuntien pumppaamoylivuodoista ja/tai puhdistamo-ohituksista. Jätevesipäästöjen arvioitiin mahdollisesti aiheuttavan ekologisia vaikutuksia vesieliöille, terveysvaikutuksia suolisto- ja ihoinfektioina, vaikutuksia ympäristön virkistyskäyttöön sekä vaikutuksia vesihuoltolaitosten toimintakykyyn haitallisen julkisuuden myötä. Kuitenkin vasta tarkemmat tutkimukset paljastaisivat todelliset vaikutukset. Paikkatietoanalyysin avulla selvitettiin päästöjen suuntautuminen suhteessa herkkiin ympäristöihin, mikä voi auttaa riskien arvioinnissa ja toimenpiteiden priorisoinnissa. Toteutetulla ympäristöriskianalyysilla saadaan karkea, mutta hyödyllinen, arvio päästöistä aiheutuvista ympäristöriskeistä. Epäkohdat prosesseissa tai käytännöissä paljastuvat. Tulosten perusteella vesihuoltolaitosten suositellaan toteuttavan ympäristöriskianalyysi pumppaamoylivuotojen ja puhdistamo-ohitusten syiden löytämiseksi ja toimenpiteiden kohdentamiseksi. Vuotovesien ollessa yleinen ja merkittävä syy puhdistamo-ohituksille, yhteinen päästöjä ehkäisevä ja välttämätön toimenpide on viemäriverkostojen saneeraus. Tämä kannattaisi toteuttaa tehostetusti ja nopeasti, jotta voidaan säästää kokonaiskustannuksissa.