Typpioksiduuli- ja metaaniemissiot metsätalousalueiden puskurivyöhykkeiltä

Aim of this study was to investigate the means to reduce nutrient flows to water systems. Focus in this study was to examine peatland buffer zones as a solution to protect water bodies as well as to examine methane and nitrous oxide release from buffer zones. The literature survey covers a review of research which has been done till this day concerning the effects of forestry on water bodies. It also contains a review of the significance of forests and mires in hydrological cycle, effects of forestry on nutrient loads to water systems and a review of different solutions to diminish it. The solutions contain ditch shaping, submerged dams, sludge sumps, sedimentation ponds and buffer zones. The literature survey also covers nitrous oxide and methane gas emissions from buffer zones. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from six different mires were studied during the summer of 2007. Measurements were conducted once a month using the static chamber method. Emissions of methane and nitrous oxide were calculated. Effects of water table level and peat temperature on emissions were also studied. The results showed a tendency to increased methane-emissions from natural peat lands when compared with restored buffer zones. The results showed also a tendency to increased CH4 emissions and decreased NO2 emissions with rising level of water table. Other mechanisms that influence emissions are vegetation composition and peat temperature. Considering the global warming as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions, the emissions of CH4 and NO2 measured in the present study were not particularly high.

ZONE INTERMÉDIAIRE – Recontruction de l’identité raciale dans L’Amant de Marguerite Duras

Tutkielman aiheena on Marguerite Durasin romaani <i>L’Amanti> (suom. <i>Rakastajai>). Tarkastelen romaanin valkoihoisen nuoren tytön ”rodullisen” identiteetin rakentumista käyttäen heijastuskuvana Toista, tytön ”erirotuista” kiinalaista rakastajaa. Osittain omaelämäkerrallisen romaanin tapahtumat sijoittuvat Ranskan entiseen siirtomaahan, Indokiinaan. Kolonialismin aikainen rotusorto ja valkoisen ”rodun” mytologisen vallan rakentuminen ja konkretisoituminen ovat siis sekä tutkimukseni konteksti että tutkimuskohde. Tarkastelen missä määrin tytön rodullinen identiteetti pitää yllä – tai toisaalta rikkoo – ”rotujen” hierarkkista ajattelua. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys on jälkikoloniaalinen (postkoloniaalinen) tutkimus, joka on monitieteellinen itsekriittinen tutkimusmetodi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kyseenalaistaa länsimaissa vallitsevia kategorioita. Päälähteinä käytetään mm. Dyerin (1997), Memmin (1994), Todorovin (1989), Girodin (2004), Hallin (1992, 1996), Derridan (1967, 1972, 1992), Shevoryn (2000), Dufourmentellen (2003) ja De Beauvoirin (1947) teoksia. Tutkimuksen keskeinen käsite on välitila, johon teoksen nuori tyttö voidaan tutkimustulosteni mukaan sijoittaa. Tyttö häilyy eräänlaisessa välitilassa valkoisen ja keltaisen ”rodun” välillä: hän tuntee kuuluvansa tavallaan molempiin ”rotuihin”, sillä hän on syntynyt Indokiinassa, puhuu paikallista kieltä ja suhtautuu paikallisiin tasavertaisemmin kuin valkoihoinen eliitti, mutta kuuluu kuitenkin syntyperältään valkoiseen ”rotuun”. Valkoisuutta ei usein määritellä ”roduksi”, vaikka muiden kuin valkoihoisten kohdalla ”rotu” määritellään joko negatiivisten tai positiivisten typologioiden mukaisesti. Tästä syystä valkoiset nähdään helposti ihmisyyden normina neutraaliksi väitetyssä valkoisten diskriminoivassa diskurssissa. <i>L’Amant’ssai> valkoisuus on näkemykseni mukaan kuitenkin näkyvää ja valkoisuuden valtaa kyseenalaistavaa. Valkoisen tytön perhe on valkoisten kolonialistien arvoasteikon alimmalla portaalla, sillä perhe on köyhä ja valkoisten valta rakentui suurelta osin siirtomaaisäntien taloudellispoliittiseen ylivaltaan. Koska tytön perheellä ei ole tarpeeksi varaa elitistiseen herruuteen, eliitti paheksuu tytön perhettä avoimesti erityisesti ”rotujen” välisen kielletyn suhteen tullessa julki, jolloin tyttö eristetään valkoisesta yhteisöstä. Kiinalainen puolestaan on miljardöörin perijä ja tämä suo hänelle hieman korkeamman aseman ”rotujen” hierarkiassa, vaikka hänen vaurautensa toisaalta uhkaakin valkoista valtaa. Myös romaanin monella tapaa konventioita rikkova seksuaalisuus on osa kielletyn suhteen välistä valtapeliä. Kirjailija strukturoi uudelleen patriarkaalisen sukupuolen rakentumisen feminisoimalla kiinalaisen miehen, sillä muussa tapauksessa hänen maskuliinisuutensa saattaisi saada ylivallan tytöstä, joka on sukupuolisesti Toinen.

The Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone : structure and deformation history of a crustal-scale ductile shear zone in SW Finland

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the structure and the deformation history of a NW-SE trending regional, crustal-scale shear structure in the Åland archipelago, SW Finland, called the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (SJSZ). Approaches involving e.g. structural geology, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphic petrology were utilised in order to reconstruct the overall deformation history of the study area. The study therefore describes several features of the shear zone including structures, kinematics and lithologies within the study area, the ages of the different deformation phases (ductile to brittle) within the shear zone, as well as some geothermobarometric results. The results indicate that the SJSZ outlines a major crustal discontinuity between the extensively migmatized rocks NE of the shear zone and the unmigmatised, amphibolite facies rocks SW of the zone. The main SJSZ shows overall dextral lateral kinematics with a SW-side up vertical component and deformation partitioning into pure shear and simple shear dominated deformation styles that was intensified toward later stages of the deformation history. The deformation partitioning resulted in complex folding and refolding against the SW margin of the SJSZ, including conical and sheath folds, and in a formation of several minor strike-slip shear zones both parallel and conjugate to the main SJSZ in order to accommodate the regional transpressive stresses. Different deformation phases within the study area were dated by SIMS (zircon U-Pb), ID-TIMS (titanite U-Pb) and 40Ar/39Ar (pseudotachylyte wholerock) methods. The first deformation phase within the ca. 1.88 Ga rocks of the study area is dated at ca. 1.85 Ga, and the shear zone was reactivated twice within the ductile regime (at ca. 1.83 Ga and 1.79 Ga), during which the strain was successively increasingly partitioned into the main SJSZ and the minor shear zones. The age determinations suggest that the orogenic processes within the study area did not occur in a temporal continuum; instead, the metamorphic zircon rims and titanites show distinct, 10-20 Ma long breaks in deformation between phases of active deformation. The results of this study further imply slow cooling of the rocks through 600-700ºC so that at 1.79 Ga, 2 the temperature was still at least 600ºC. The highest recorded metamorphic pressures are 6.4-7.1 kbar. At the late stages or soon after the last ductile phase (ca. 1.79 Ga), relatively high-T mylonites and ultramylonites were formed, witnessing extreme deformation partitioning and high strain rates. After the rocks reached lower amphibolite facies to amphibolite-greenschist facies transitional conditions (ca. 500-550ºC), they cooled rapidly, probably due to crustal uplift and exhumation. The shear zone was reactivated at least once within the semi-brittle to brittle regime between ca. 1.79 Ga and 1.58 Ga, as evidenced by cataclasites and pseudotachylytes. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (and the South Finland shear zone) defines a major crustal discontinuity, and played a central role in accommodating the regional stresses during and after the Svecofennian orogeny.

Eettinen kasvu ja dialogisuus draaman näyttämöllä : valokiilassa päiväkodin draamaprosessi

This research is a phenomenological-hermeneutic case-study based on the methods of action research in which narrative methods are used to examine a process drama carried out in a day-care centre, focusing on its dialogicality and possibilities of offering children and adults ethical problems to examine and solve. A process drama built around a story was carried out in a Finnish day-care centre in 1999 with the aim of bringing ethical education to the level of conscious consideration and action. The research consists of two case-studies. The first focuses on Risto, one of the children who participated in the process, his actions in group situations, his commitment to the rules set by the leaders, his attitude towards the group and its members as well as the common agreements concerning the group, and his solutions to fictive dilemmas in relation to Lawrence Kohlberg’s and Carol Gilligan’s concepts of justice and care. On this basis conclusions are made on how drama can be applied to dealing with ethical dilemmas with children aged four to seven. The second case-study searches for ethical themes and signs of dialogicality in the story that was created together by the children and leaders, and in the action that took place in the drama sessions. The subjects of this study consist of two groups participating in the process drama, both consisting of seven children aged four to seven. Narratives were written on each child based on his/her participation in four drama sessions selected to be used in this study. The narratives include the writer’s interpretations of the dialogicality of the drama and the ethical themes observed and recognised in the videos and in the transcriptions of the video recordings. The description and interpretation of the dialogicality and the ethical themes observed in the drama sessions is based on the researcher’s dialogue with the writings of Georg Henrik von Wright, Martin Buber and Mihail Bahtin, as well as Nicholas C. Burbules’ definitions of the basic conditions for dialogical teaching. As a result of the study, drama activity proved to be a means by which dialogically abstract ethical questions and conflicts could be dealt with even with young children and which revealed the zone of proximal development of both children and adults. Drama became a stage for ethical growth and dialogicality, and the common play of children and adults could be seen as an indicator of deep dialogicality. On the basis of this study, it can be said that drama is a very suitable way of establishing a shape and form of ethical education in which it is possible to make planned, target-oriented progress and which can be consciously observed by following the development of both the child and the educator.

Study of present day folk poetry

Kirja-arvio

Derby Day race card for british charities i Finland

14 x 21 cm

The New-Day Jewett Six

kuv., 20 x 27 cm

The New-Day Jewett Six

kuv., 20 x 27 cm

The New-Day Jewett Six

kuv., 19 x 38 cm

Price spike forecasting in a competitive day-ahead energy market

Electricity price forecasting has become an important area of research in the aftermath of the worldwide deregulation of the power industry that launched competitive electricity markets now embracing all market participants including generation and retail companies, transmission network providers, and market managers. Based on the needs of the market, a variety of approaches forecasting day-ahead electricity prices have been proposed over the last decades. However, most of the existing approaches are reasonably effective for normal range prices but disregard price spike events, which are caused by a number of complex factors and occur during periods of market stress. In the early research, price spikes were truncated before application of the forecasting model to reduce the influence of such observations on the estimation of the model parameters; otherwise, a very large forecast error would be generated on price spike occasions. Electricity price spikes, however, are significant for energy market participants to stay competitive in a market. Accurate price spike forecasting is important for generation companies to strategically bid into the market and to optimally manage their assets; for retailer companies, since they cannot pass the spikes onto final customers, and finally, for market managers to provide better management and planning for the energy market. This doctoral thesis aims at deriving a methodology able to accurately predict not only the day-ahead electricity prices within the normal range but also the price spikes. The Finnish day-ahead energy market of Nord Pool Spot is selected as the case market, and its structure is studied in detail. It is almost universally agreed in the forecasting literature that no single method is best in every situation. Since the real-world problems are often complex in nature, no single model is able to capture different patterns equally well. Therefore, a hybrid methodology that enhances the modeling capabilities appears to be a possibly productive strategy for practical use when electricity prices are predicted. The price forecasting methodology is proposed through a hybrid model applied to the price forecasting in the Finnish day-ahead energy market. The iterative search procedure employed within the methodology is developed to tune the model parameters and select the optimal input set of the explanatory variables. The numerical studies show that the proposed methodology has more accurate behavior than all other examined methods most recently applied to case studies of energy markets in different countries. The obtained results can be considered as providing extensive and useful information for participants of the day-ahead energy market, who have limited and uncertain information for price prediction to set up an optimal short-term operation portfolio. Although the focus of this work is primarily on the Finnish price area of Nord Pool Spot, given the result of this work, it is very likely that the same methodology will give good results when forecasting the prices on energy markets of other countries.

Anaesthesia and Pain Management for Use in Orthopaedic Day Surgery

Day surgery has gained a large popularity during the last decades. In Finland, 57% of the elective procedures, and 50% at Turku University Hospital, were already conducted on day basis during 2012. The steady growth of day surgery is mostly due to an increased safety in perioperative care and cost-effectiveness. The development of surgical techniques and anaesthetic methods has advanced the modern day surgery and extended the repertory of the procedures for use in day surgery operations. Day surgery also offers certain benefits like reduced risk for hospital-related infections, stress and confusion. Patient satisfaction, regarding several issues, is high. Most concerns and complaints are related to postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting pain and nausea. Pain can hamper recovery and pain management is a crucial factor for hospital discharge. Appropriate pain treatment is effective, safe, easy and economical. A procedure-specific approach and an individually planned, multimodal analgesia should be the basis of modern pain management. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of anaesthetic technique and methods in pain treatment of orthopaedic day case surgery, and following conclusions were made. Unilateral spinal block was achieved using hyperbaric bupivacaine with a small dose of clonidine but clonidine prolonged the block. Continuous subacromial bupivacaine was found to be safe but conferring only moderate efficacy in pain care after shoulder arthroscopy. Transdermal fentanyl, 12 g/h, as part of multimodal analgesia, offered a safe and easy option to pain management in this patient group. However, after forefoot surgery, it did not reduce pain any further. In general, pain scores in all patient groups were low and the need for rescue opioid moderate.