253 resultados para veden ekosysteemi


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The term urban heat island (UHI) refers to the common situation in which the city is warmer than its rural surroundings. In this dissertation, the local climate, and especially the UHI, of the coastal city of Turku (182,000 inh.), SW Finland, was studied in different spatial and temporal scales. The crucial aim was to sort out the urban, topographical and water body impact on temperatures at different seasons and times of the day. In addition, the impact of weather on spatiotemporal temperature differences was studied. The relative importance of environmental factors was estimated with different modelling approaches and a large number of explanatory variables with various spatial scales. The city centre is the warmest place in the Turku area. Temperature excess relative to the coldest sites, i.e. rural areas about 10 kilometers to the NE from the centre, is on average 2 °C. Occasionally, the UHI intensity can be even 10 °C. The UHI does not prevail continuously in the Turku area, but occasionally the city centre can be colder than its surroundings. Then the term urban cool island or urban cold island (UCI) is used. The UCI is most common in daytime in spring and in summer, whereas during winter the UHI prevails throughout the day. On average, the spatial temperature differences are largest in summer, whereas the single extreme values are often observed in winter. The seasonally varying sea temperature causes the shift of relatively warm areas towards the coast in autumn and inland in spring. In the long term, urban land use was concluded to be the most important factor causing spatial temperature differences in the Turku area. The impact was mainly a warming one. The impact of water bodies was emphasised in spring and autumn, when the water temperature was relatively cold and warm, respectively. The impact of topography was on average the weakest, and was seen mainly in proneness of relatively low-lying places for cold air drainage during night-time. During inversions, however, the impact of topography was emphasised, occasionally outperforming those of urban land use and water bodies.

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Nopeat ydinreaktorit ovat toiminnaltaan polttoainetehokkaampia kuin nykyään laajalti käytössä olevat termiset reaktorit. Tehokkuus perustuu siihen, että nopeassa reaktorissa ei tapahdu neutronien hidastumista, jolloin ne pystyvät esimerkiksi muuntamaan luonnonuraania ja muita fertiilejä aineita fissiileiksi aineiksi. Koska reaktorissa ei saa olla hidastinta, nopea reaktori ei voi käyttää jäähdytteenään vettä, vaan on käytettävä jotain raskaampia ytimiä sisältävää jäähdytettä, kuten natriumia. Natriumin käyttö tuo mukanaan tiettyjä ongelmia, sillä se on erittäin reaktioherkkä ilman ja veden kanssa. Nopeita reaktoreita on tosin käytetty ja tutkittu jo yli 50 vuotta, ja käyttökokemusten perusteella on löydetty toimivia ratkaisuja natriumin ongelmiin. Nopean reaktorin tehokas käyttö vaatii suljetun polttoainekierron, jossa käytetystä polttoaineesta voidaan valmistaa uutta polttoainetta joko nopealle tai termiselle reaktorille. Suljetun polttoainekierron infrastruktuuri on tosin hyvin kallista, joten sen käyttöönotto on kannattavaa lähinnä infrastruktuurin jo omaavissa maissa, kuten esimerkiksi Venäjällä. Nopeaa ja kevytvesireaktoria vertaillessa tulee esille tiettyjä yhtäläisyyksiä, erityisesti säteilyturvallisuuteen ja ydinturvallisuuteen liittyvissä asioissa. Suurimmat eroavaisuudet reaktorityyppien välillä nähdään polttoainetaloudessa ja jätehuollossa.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most established quantitative tools for environmental impact assessment of products. To be able to provide support to environmentally-aware decision makers on environmental impacts of biomass value-chains, the scope of LCA methodology needs to be augmented to cover landuse related environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on analysing and discussing potential impact assessment methods, conceptual models and environmental indicators that have been proposed to be implemented into the LCA framework for impacts of land use. The applicability of proposed indicators and impact assessment frameworks is tested from practitioners' perspective, especially focusing on forest biomass value chains. The impacts of land use on biodiversity, resource depletion, climate change and other ecosystem services is analysed and discussed and the interplay in between value choices in LCA modelling and the decision-making situations to be supported is critically discussed. It was found out that land use impact indicators are necessary in LCA in highlighting differences in impacts from distinct land use classes. However, many open questions remain on certainty of highlighting actual impacts of land use, especially regarding impacts of managed forest land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as water regulation and purification. The climate impact of energy use of boreal stemwood was found to be higher in the short term and lower in the long-term in comparison with fossil fuels that emit identical amount of CO2 in combustion, due to changes implied to forest C stocks. The climate impacts of energy use of boreal stemwood were found to be higher than the previous estimates suggest on forest residues and stumps. The product lifetime was found to have much higher influence on the climate impacts of woodbased value chains than the origin of stemwood either from thinnings or final fellings. Climate neutrality seems to be likely only in the case when almost all the carbon of harvested wood is stored in long-lived wooden products. In the current form, the land use impacts cannot be modelled with a high degree of certainty nor communicated with adequate level of clarity to decision makers. The academia needs to keep on improving the modelling framework, and more importantly, clearly communicate to decision-makers the limited certainty on whether land-use intensive activities can help in meeting the strict mitigation targets we are globally facing.

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Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa lämpötilan vaikutusta veden orgaanisten haitta-aineiden hapetuksessa PCD-menetelmällä. Kokeita tehtiin näytteiden eri alkulämpötiloilla. Malliyhdisteenä kokeissa käytettiin oksaalihappoa. Teoriaosuudessa käsiteltiin pulssittaista koronapurkausta ilmiönä. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin, kuinka PCD-menetelmällä muodostuu hapettimia neste-kaasufaasissa. Syntyvistä hapettimista keskityttiin otsoniin ja hydroksyyliradikaaliin. Kokeellisessa osuudessa esiteltiin käytetty PCD-laitteisto. Esittelyn jälkeen siirryttiin hapetuskokeiden kuvaamiseen ja analyysin suorittamiseen titrauksella. Lopuksi koottiin tulokset. Tutkimuksissa prosessin hapetustehon havaittiin heikentyvän lämpötilan noustessa tutkitulla lämpötila-alueella, mikä voi selittyä kaasufaasissa muodostuvan otsonin heikentyvällä liukoisuudella. Tuloksia voidaan pitää viitteellisinä, ja selkeän mallin muodostamiseksi tarvitaan jatkotutkimuksia laajemmalla lämpötila-alueella tarkasti toistettavilla koejärjestelyillä.

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Virtaava vesi muokkaa uomansa muotoa ja rakennetta tehokkaasti, kun taas uoman morfologia muuttaa veden virtausrakennetta. Lumien sulamisesta aiheutuvat kevättulvat kasvattavat virtaavan veden määrää ja virtausnopeutta tehostaen veden voimaa. Tulvien aikana tapahtuvien veden virtausrakenteen ja uoman pohjan morfologian muutosten ymmärtäminen mahdollistaa ympäristön olosuhteiden muutoksia ennakoivan vesirakentamisen ja jokiympäristön käytön. Tässä tutkimuksessa mitattiin ja analysoitiin jokikaarteen pohjanläheisen ja syvyyskeskiarvotetun virtausnopeuden ja ‐suunnan sekä uoman morfologian päivittäisiä muutoksia kevättulvan nousevassa vaiheessa. Virtausrakenne ja uoman morfologia mitattiin päivittäin akustisella virtausprofiilimittarilla (eng. acoustic doppler current profiler, ADCP). Virtausmittausten sijainti mitattiin VRS‐GNSS ‐satelliittipaikantimen avulla. Päivittäiset pohjanläheiset ja syvyyskeskiarvotetut virtausnopeudet ja ‐suunnat, pohjanläheinen kulutusvoima ja morfologian muutokset laskettiin alueellisesti tiheistä mittausaineistoista. Pohjanläheistä ja syvyyskeskiarvotettua virtausnopeutta ja ‐suuntaa sekä kulutusvoimaa ja morfologian muutosta vertailtiin. Näiden muuttujien lisäksi tarkasteltiin myös pohjan aineskuljetuksen määrän muutosta. Virtausnopeudet muuttuivat ajallisesti seuraten virtaaman vaihteluita. Vedenpinnan noustessa nopean virtauksen ytimen kulkureitti suoristui ja se siirtyi kulkemaan jokikaarteen sisäreunan särkän reunan päälle. Pohjanläheisen ja syvyyskeskiarvotetun virtauksen nopeudet muuttuivat päivittäin samanlaisesti, mutta ne erosivat toisistaan alueellisesti. Pohjanläheinen virtausnopeus oli pienempi kuin syvyyskeskiarvotettu virtausnopeus tutkitun jokikaarteen ylävirran puolella ja suurempi alavirran puolella. Uoman morfologian suurimmat muutokset tapahtuivat virtaaman kasvavassa vaiheessa, jolloin myös pohjanläheiset kulutusvoimat olivat suurimmillaan.

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Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tarkastella perinteistä poistoilmanvaihtoa käyttävän kerrostalon lämmöntalteenottoa menetelmällä, joka yhdistää poistoilmalämpöpumpun ja maalämpöpumpun toiminnat. Nostamalla maalämpöpumpulle tulevan veden lämpötilaa saadaan nostettua järjestelmän COP-arvoa, jolla on suuri merkitys laitteen energiateknisen toiminnan kannalta. Laskelmat tehtiin Suomen rakennusmääräyskokoelman ohjeiden mukaisesti käyttämällä MX6- energiaohjelmaa sekä simuloimalla kylmäprosessia. Tulokset yhdistettiin taulukkolaskentaohjelmassa, ja näin saatiin teoreettinen säästölaskelma, joka perustuu arvioituun kuukausittaiseen energian keskikulutukseen, ts. taseeseen. Työssä todettiin, että poistoilmalämpöpumppu saattaisi kuluttaa poistoilman lämmöntalteenotossa liikaa sähköä, työssä tarkoitetulla tavalla. Kulutus olisi enemmän kuin maalämpöpumpun COP-arvon parantamisella saatava rahallinen hyöty. Koneellisen poistoilman välittämän energian tehokas käyttö on kuitenkin yksi mahdollisuus säästää maalämpöreikien poraamisessa, jos kerrostalossa harkittaisiin kokonaan maalämpöön siirtymistä.

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Cyanobacteria are well-known for their role in the global production of O2 via photosynthetic water oxidation. However, with the use of light energy, cyanobacteria can also reduce O2. In my thesis work, I have investigated the impact of O2 photoreduction on protection of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the N2-fixing machinery. Photosynthetic light reactions produce intermediate radicals and reduced electron carriers, which can easily react with O2 to generate various reactive oxygen species. To avoid prolonged reduction of photosynthetic components, cyanobacteria use “electron valves” that dissipate excess electrons from the photosynthetic electron transfer chain in a harmless way. In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, flavodiiron proteins Flv1 and Flv3 comprise a powerful electron sink redirecting electrons from the acceptor side of Photosystem I to O2 and reducing it directly to water. In this work, I demonstrate that upon Ci-depletion Flv1/3 can dissipate up to 60% of the electrons delivered from Photosystem II. O2 photoreduction by Flv1/3 was shown to be vital for cyanobacteria in natural aquatic environments and deletion of Flv1/3 was lethal for both Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under fluctuating light conditions. The lethal phenotype observed in the absence of Flv1/3 results from oxidative damage to Photosystem I, which appeared to be a primary target of reactive oxygen species produced upon sudden increases in light intensity. Importantly, cyanobacteria also possess other O2 photoreduction pathways which can protect the photosynthetic apparatus. This study demonstrates that respiratory terminal oxidases are also capable of initiating O2 photoreduction in mutant cells lacking the Flv1/3 proteins and grown under fluctuating light. Photoreduction of O2 by Rubisco was also shown in Ci-depleted cells of the mutants lacking Flv1/3, and thus provided the first evidence for active photorespiratory gas-exchange in cyanobacteria. Nevertheless, and despite the existence of other O2 photoreduction pathways, the Flv1/3 route appears to be the most robust and rapid system of photoprotection. Several groups of cyanobacteria are capable of N2 fixation. Filamentous heterocystous N2- fixing species, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, are able to differentiate specialised cells called heterocysts for this purpose. In contrast to vegetative cells which perform oxygenic photosynthesis, heterocysts maintain a microoxic environment for the proper function of the nitrogenase enzyme, which is extremely sensitive to O2. The genome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 harbors two copies of genes encoding Flv1 and Flv3 proteins, designated as “A” and “B” forms. In this thesis work, I demonstrate that Flv1A and Flv3A are expressed only in the vegetative cells of filaments, whilst Flv1B and Flv3B are localized exclusively in heterocysts. I further revealed that the Flv3B protein is most responsible for the photoreduction of O2 in heterocysts, and that this reaction plays an important role in protection of the N2-fixing machinery and thus, the provision of filaments with fixed nitrogen. The function of the Flv1B protein remains to be elucidated; however the involvement of this protein in electron transfer reactions is feasible. Evidence provided in this thesis indicates the presence of a great diversity of O2 photoreduction reactions in cyanobacterial cells. These reactions appear to be crucial for the photoprotection of both photosynthesis and N2 fixation processes in an oxygenic environment.

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Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration are among the most effective and widely used desalination and water softening technologies. They can also be used to treat mining wastewaters and are capable of producing water of extremely high purity, regardless of the high concentrations of toxic heavy metals and extreme pH and salinity. However, challenges with recovering the salts and metals from mining wastewaters in exploitable form, as well as problems with scaling still limit the process efficiency and the ratio of purified water recoverable from process waters. To address the problem of membrane scaling caused by calcium sulfate, batch filtration experiments with the Desal-5 DL nanofiltration membrane, three commercial antiscalants and actual mine process water from a copper mine were performed. The aim of these experiments was to find process conditions where maximum water recovery would be achieved before significant scaling or irreversible membrane fouling would occur and to further improve water recovery by addition of antiscalants. Water recovery of 70 % was reached with the experimental setups by optimizing process conditions. PC-504T antiscaling agent was determined to be the most effective of the three antiscalants used and the addition of 5 ppm of PC-504T allowed the water recovery to be further increased from 70 % to 85 % before major scaling was observed. In these conditions 92 % calcium rejection was achieved.

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Nasopharyngeal bacteria can asymptomatically colonize the nasopharynx of infants and young children but are also associated with the development of respiratory infections and diseases. Such nasopharyngeal bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. The host defense against invading pathogens is largely relies germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are expressed on the cells of innate immunity, and different cytokines. These include toll-like receptors (TLR), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and different cytokines such as IL-17A. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in these receptors and cytokines have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic polymorphisms in the genes for TLR2, 3 and 4, MBL as well as for IL-17A and their associations with nasopharyngeal pathogenic bacterial colonization during a two-year follow-up. The study revealed that polymorphisms in TLRs, MBL2 and IL17A are associated with the nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children. Healthy young (2.6 months of age) children with variant types of MBL2, TLR2 R753Q or TLR4 D299G had an increased risk to be colonized by S. pneumonia, S. aureus or M. catarrhalis, respectively. Moreover, variant types of MBL2 in healthy children with might facilitate human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced S. pneumoniae colonization at 2.6 months of age. The polymorphism of TLR4 D299G was shown to be associated with M. catarrhalis colonization throughout the whole two-year follow-up (2.6, 13 and 24 months of age) and also with the bacterial load of this pathogen. Also, the polymorphism of IL17A G152A was shown to be associated with increased risk to be colonized by S. pneumoniae at 13 and 24 months of age. Furthermore, the results suggest that IL17A G152A has an effect on production of serum IL-17A already at young age. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that polymorphisms in the key PRRs and IL17A seem to play an important role to colonization of S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus in healthy young Finnish children. The nasopharyngeal colonization by these pathogenic bacteria may further promote the development of respiratory infections and may be related to development of asthma and allergy in the later life of children. These findings offer a possible explanation why some children have more respiratory infections than other children and provide a rational basis for future studies in this field.

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Kristiinankaupungin kaupunki sai ympäristölupaviraston luvan Lapväärtinjoen alaosan kunnostukseen väyliä ruoppaamalla. Ruop-paukset aloitettiin talvella 2011–2012 ja niitä jatkettiin seuraavana talvena. Ensimmäisenä talvena ruopattiin noin 18 100 m3 ja toisena 25 200 m3. Lupapäätöksessä luvanhaltija määrättiin tarkkailemaan hankkeen vaikutuksia veden laatuun, suojeltuihin Natura 2000 – luonnonarvoihin, kalakantoihin, kalojen kutualueisiin ja kalastukseen valvovien viranomaisten hyväksymällä tavalla. Tässä loppurapor-tissa esitetään kaikki vedenlaatu-, sedimentaatio- ja pohjaeläintarkkailujen tulokset ja lisäksi kasvillisuuskartoitusten tulokset vuosilta 2011 ja 2014. Vesistötyöt heikensivät vedenlaatua selvästi samentamalla vettä ja aiheuttamalla kiintoaine-, fosfori- ja metallipitoisuuksien kasvun talvina 2011–2012 ja 2012–2013. Merialueelle vesistötöiden vaikutus ulottui voimakkaimmin samentumisen ja kiintoainepitoisuuden kasvuna. Vaikka suurimmat sameusarvot ja kiintoainepitoisuudet havaittiin työkoneen lähistöltä, vesi oli myös uloimmilla merinäytteen-ottopaikoilla usein selvästi sameampaa ja kiintoainepitoisempaa kuin joessa työalueen yläpuolella. Ruopattavien massojen kalkitustarve ja biologisesti myrkyllisten aineiden pitoisuudet selvitettiin ennen ruoppaustöitä. Vesistötöistä veteen vapautuneen ja pohjalle laskeutuneen kiintoaineen määrää seurattiin Lapväärtinjoen edustan merialueelle sijoitetuilla sedimen-taatioputkilla. Natura 2000 – suojelualueen kasvillisuuden mosaiikkimaisuutta, määrää ja vyöhykkeisyyttä tarkkailtiin ennen ruoppaustöitä vuonna 2011 ja töiden jälkeen vuonna 2014 otetuista ilmakuvista. Lisäksi alueelle tehtiin maastokäyntejä. Ilmakuvaus uusitaan vielä vuonna 2016. Pohjaeläinnäytteitä otettiin ennen ruoppaustöitä vuonna 2011 ja töiden jälkeen vuonna 2014 samoilta paikoilta. Pohjaeläinten yksilöti-heydet vaihtelivat paljon vuosien välillä. Yksilötiheyksiin vaikuttavat ihmistoiminnan aiheuttaman ravinne- ja orgaanisen aineen kuormi-tuksen lisäksi monet tekijät kuten lajien välinen kilpailu, sopeutumiskyky muuttuviin olosuhteisiin, veden suolapitoisuus ja sääolot.

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An electric system based on renewable energy faces challenges concerning the storage and utilization of energy due to the intermittent and seasonal nature of renewable energy sources. Wind and solar photovoltaic power productions are variable and difficult to predict, and thus electricity storage will be needed in the case of basic power production. Hydrogen’s energetic potential lies in its ability and versatility to store chemical energy, to serve as an energy carrier and as feedstock for various industries. Hydrogen is also used e.g. in the production of biofuels. The amount of energy produced during hydrogen combustion is higher than any other fuel’s on a mass basis with a higher-heating-value of 39.4 kWh/kg. However, even though hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, on Earth most hydrogen exists in molecular forms such as water. Therefore, hydrogen must be produced and there are various methods to do so. Today, the majority hydrogen comes from fossil fuels, mainly from steam methane reforming, and only about 4 % of global hydrogen comes from water electrolysis. Combination of electrolytic production of hydrogen from water and supply of renewable energy is attracting more interest due to the sustainability and the increased flexibility of the resulting energy system. The preferred option for intermittent hydrogen storage is pressurization in tanks since at ambient conditions the volumetric energy density of hydrogen is low, and pressurized tanks are efficient and affordable when the cycling rate is high. Pressurized hydrogen enables energy storage in larger capacities compared to battery technologies and additionally the energy can be stored for longer periods of time, on a time scale of months. In this thesis, the thermodynamics and electrochemistry associated with water electrolysis are described. The main water electrolysis technologies are presented with state-of-the-art specifications. Finally, a Power-to-Hydrogen infrastructure design for Lappeenranta University of Technology is presented. Laboratory setup for water electrolysis is specified and factors affecting its commissioning in Finland are presented.

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The Baltic Sea is unique by its biological, geochemical and physical features. The number of species of larger organisms is small and the species composition is distinctive. On the contrary microbial communities are diverse. Because of the low salinity levels, bacterial communities differ from the ones in the oceans. Knowing the structure of these communities better and how they response to different environmental conditions helps us to estimate how different factors affect the balance and function of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Bacteria are the key players when it comes to natural biogeochemical processes and human-induced phenomena like eutrophication, oil spills or disposal of other harmful substances to the sea ecosystem. In this thesis, bacterial community structure in the sea surface microlayer and subsurface water of the Archipelago Sea were compared. In addition, the effect of diatom derived polyunsaturated aldehydes on bacterial community structure was studied by a mesocosm experiment. Diesel, crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation capacity of the Baltic Sea bacteria was studied in smaller scale microcosm experiments. In diesel oil experiments bacteria from water phase of the Archipelago Sea was studied. Sediment and iron manganese concretions collected from the Gulf of Finland were used in the crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon experiments. The amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation genes was measured in all of the oil degradation experiments. The results show how differences in bacterial community structure can be seen in the sea surface when compared to the subsurface waters. The mesocosm experiment demonstrated how diatom-bacteria interactions depend on other factors than diatom derived polyunsaturated aldehydes, which do not seem to have an effect on the bacterial community structure as has been suggested in earlier studies. The dominant bacterial groups in the diesel microcosms differed in samples taken from a pristine site when compared to a site with previous oil exposure in the Archipelago Sea area. Results of the study with sediment and iron-manganese concretions indicate that there are diverse bacterial communities, typical to each bottom type, inhabiting the bottoms of the Gulf of Finland capable to degrade oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.  

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Tässä kandidaatintyössä on tarkoituksena kertoa mahdollisista eri biopolttoaineista ja niiden polttamiseen kehitetyistä kattilatekniikoista alle 5MW:n kokoluokassa. Eri kattilatyyppejä esitellään ja vertaillaan niiden toiminta-arvojen ja investointihintojen perusteella. Lisäksi työssä esitellään näiden kattilatyyppien kotimaisia polttokattilavalmistajia ja -myyjiä tarkastellun tehoalueen rajoissa. Työssä käsitellään vain pienitehoisia biopolttoainekattiloita, jolloin kattilaratkaisut rajoittuvat lähinnä arina- ja leijukerroskattiloihin. Kaasutuskattilat rajattiin työn ulkopuolelle työn rajatun laajuuden takia. Kaasutuskattiloilla on myös Suomessa vähän ja niiden tarjonta on pientä. Kattiloista on pyritty selvittämään niiden paineluokat ja tuotetun veden tai höyryn lämpötila. Kattilavalmistajilta kerättiin tietoa kyselyillä ja internetsivujen avulla. Valmistajien ja toimittajien halukkuus kertoa omista tuotteistaan vaihteli jonkin verran. Tämän takia myös tiedon määrä tuotteista vaihtelee yrityksien välillä.

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Successful management of rivers requires an understanding of the fluvial processes that govern them. This, in turn cannot be achieved without a means of quantifying their geomorphology and hydrology and the spatio-temporal interactions between them, that is, their hydromorphology. For a long time, it has been laborious and time-consuming to measure river topography, especially in the submerged part of the channel. The measurement of the flow field has been challenging as well, and hence, such measurements have long been sparse in natural environments. Technological advancements in the field of remote sensing in the recent years have opened up new possibilities for capturing synoptic information on river environments. This thesis presents new developments in fluvial remote sensing of both topography and water flow. A set of close-range remote sensing methods is employed to eventually construct a high-resolution unified empirical hydromorphological model, that is, river channel and floodplain topography and three-dimensional areal flow field. Empirical as well as hydraulic theory-based optical remote sensing methods are tested and evaluated using normal colour aerial photographs and sonar calibration and reference measurements on a rocky-bed sub-Arctic river. The empirical optical bathymetry model is developed further by the introduction of a deep-water radiance parameter estimation algorithm that extends the field of application of the model to shallow streams. The effect of this parameter on the model is also assessed in a study of a sandy-bed sub-Arctic river using close-range high-resolution aerial photography, presenting one of the first examples of fluvial bathymetry modelling from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Further close-range remote sensing methods are added to complete the topography integrating the river bed with the floodplain to create a seamless high-resolution topography. Boat- cart- and backpack-based mobile laser scanning (MLS) are used to measure the topography of the dry part of the channel at a high resolution and accuracy. Multitemporal MLS is evaluated along with UAV-based photogrammetry against terrestrial laser scanning reference data and merged with UAV-based bathymetry to create a two-year series of seamless digital terrain models. These allow the evaluation of the methodology for conducting high-resolution change analysis of the entire channel. The remote sensing based model of hydromorphology is completed by a new methodology for mapping the flow field in 3D. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is deployed on a remote-controlled boat with a survey-grade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, allowing the positioning of the areally sampled 3D flow vectors in 3D space as a point cloud and its interpolation into a 3D matrix allows a quantitative volumetric flow analysis. Multitemporal areal 3D flow field data show the evolution of the flow field during a snow-melt flood event. The combination of the underwater and dry topography with the flow field yields a compete model of river hydromorphology at the reach scale.

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Työn kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin neste-nestedispersioiden ja emulsioiden pisarakokojakauman määrittämiseen soveltuvia menetelmiä. Kirjallisuusosa painottuu emulsioiden stabiliteettiin liittyvään teoriaan ja menetelmiin, joilla voidaan tutkia pisarakokojakaumia suoraan prosessista. Erillisnäytteiden analysointiin perustuvista menetelmistä on esitettynä mikroskooppianalyysi sekä lasersäteen sirontaan perustuva mittaus, joita molempia käytettiin tämän työn kokeellisessa osassa. Kokeellisessa osassa pyrittiin selvittämään, vaikuttavatko kaksi erimuotoista ruuvi-kapaletta eri tavalla öljy-vesiemulsion pisarakokojakaumaan, kun emulsio virtasi ruuvin vuorovaikutusalueen läpi. Tätä tutkittiin määrittämällä ennen vuorovaikutusaluetta ja vuorovaikutusalueen jälkeen kerättyjen emulsionäytteiden pisarakokojakaumat lasersäteen sirontamittauksilla. Mitattujen pisarakokojakaumien perusteella ei voitu tehdä varmaa johtopäätöstä, vaikuttivatko ruuvit pisarakokojakaumaan vai eivät. Syynä tähän on pisarakokojakaumien vaihtelu rinnakkaisnäytteissä. Rinnakkaismittauksissa havaittu vaihtelu johtui arvaamattomasti muuttuneista virtausolosuhteista, mikä aiheutti edelleen öljypitoisuuden muutoksia. Muita mahdollisia syitä ovat veden ionivahvuuden, pH:n ja lämpötilan vaihtelu.