Conceptualizing and measuring human anxiety on the Internet

Since the 1990’s, the Internet has played a central role in our daily lives. The Internet is an integral part of our personal, business, family, research, entertainment, academic and social life. However, there are social implications in using the Internet that are dependent on categories such as gender, age, ethnicity and cultural attributes. This social aspect can play a detrimental role in the expression of human anxiety on the Internet. An anxiety is a complex phenomenon that requires further elaboration. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to investigate human anxiety, or specifically, whether Internet anxiety can be conceptualized and measured. This thesis utilizes literature, qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, and a triangulation validation approach to conceptualize and measure the Internet anxiety phenomenon. In particular, the aim is to explore anxiety levels of Internet participants to develop and validate an Internet anxiety scale based on earlier research on Internet anxiety. The results of the dissertation present a two phase study. In Phase I, a smaller set of studies were conducted with a limited sample size. In Phase II, the research topic was investigated using 385 participants. Based on a number of studies or experiments, the state-of-the-art discovered in this thesis is creation, design, and validation of two scales, the Self-Assessment Scale (SAS) and a Modified Internet Anxiety Scale (MIAS) for measuring users’ anxieties on the Internet. The result of this dissertation is a conceptualization and measurement of various types of Internet anxiety and measurement of affective feelings of users on the Internet. As a proof-of-concept of measuring Internet anxiety, this thesis describes the author’s implementation of three sets of tools: MyAnxiety, introducing Internet anxieties types; Intelligentia, for collecting Internet anxieties types; and MyIAControl tool, implemented as a browser plug-in, for measuring affective feelings of users on the Internet. Conclusions drawn from the results show that these empirically validated scales and tools might be useful for researchers and practitioners in understanding and measuring the Internet anxiety phenomenon further.

Nurses’ Acceptance of an Internet-Based Support System in The Care of Adolescents with Depression

The overall goal of the study was to describe nurses’ acceptance of an Internet-based support system in the care of adolescents with depression. The data were collected in four phases during the period 2006 – 2010 from nurses working in adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics and from professionals working with adolescents in basic public services. In the first phase, the nurses’ anticipated perceptions of the usefulness of the Internet-based support system before its implementation was explored. In the second phase, the nurses’ perceived ease of computer and Internet use and attitudes toward it were explored. In the third phase, the features of the support system and its implementation process were described. In the fourth phase, the nurses’ experiences of behavioural intention and actual system use of the Internet-based support were described in psychiatric out-patient care after one year use. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to structure the various research phases. Several benefits were identified from the nurses’ perspective in using the Internet-based support system in the care of adolescents with depression. The nurses’ technology skills were good and their attitudes towards computer use were positive. The support system was developed in various phases to meet the adolescents’ needs. Before the implementation of the information technology (IT)-based support system, it is important to pay attention to the nurses’ IT-training, technology support, resources, and safety as well as ethical issues related to the support system. After one year of using the system, the nurses perceived the Internet-based support system to be useful in the care of adolescents with depression. The adolescents’ independent work with the support system at home and the program’s systematic character were experienced as conducive from the point of view of the treatment. However, the Internet-based support system was integrated only partly into the nurseadolescent interaction even though the nurses’ perceptions of it were positive. The use of the IT-based system as part of the adolescents’ depression care was seen positively and its benefits were recognized. This serves as a good basis for future IT-based techniques. Successful implementations of IT-based support systems need a systematic implementation plan and commitment from the part of the organization and its managers. Supporting and evaluating the implementation of an IT-based system should pay attention to changing the nurses’ work styles. Health care organizations should be offered more flexible opportunities to utilize IT-based systems in direct patient care in the future.

Helsinki : sisältää luettelon kaduista, julkisista laitoksista, raitioteistä, nähtävyyksistä y.m. = Helsingfors : innehåller förteckning över gator, offentliga inrättningar, spårvägar, sevärdheter m.m

Kuvailu kannesta

Teollinen internet uuden liiketoiminnan katalysaattorina

TIIVISTELMÄ Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Teknistaloudellinen tiedekunta Tuotantotalouden koulutusohjelma Seppo Kuittinen Teollinen Internet uuden liiketoiminnan katalysaattorina Case CGI Diplomityö 2015 78 sivua, 33 kuvaa, 1 taulukko, 1 liite Työn tarkastajat: Professori Timo Pihkala Tutkijatohtori Marita Rautiainen Hakusanat: teollinen internet, IoT, kehittynyt analytiikka, sensorit Keywords: Industrial internet, IoT, advanced analytics, sencors Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tutkia asiakaskyselyn avulla luoko teollinen internet case yritykselle uutta ohjelmisto- tai palveluliiketoimintaa. Case yritys valitsi omasta asiakaskunnastaan 15 kohdeasiakasta, joille kysely lähetettiin. Vastauksista käy ilmi, että asiakaskunnassa on näkemys siitä, mitä teollinen internet on. Nykyisten ratkaisujen ei nähdä ratkaisevan kaikkia teollisen internetin mukanaan tuomia ongelmia. Ongelmaksi koetaan sensoridatan analysointi, jonka ei vielä katsota olevan riittävän kehittynyttä ja luotettavaa. Kyselystä voidaan päätellä, ettei mitään räjähtävää kasvua ole odotettavissa lähiaikoina. Teollinen internet tulee olemaan osa yritysten liiketoimintaa, mutta sen käyttö laajenee pikkuhiljaa.

Käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö brändin johtamisessa – Sosiaalinen kuvanjakopalvelu Instagram

Sosiaalinen media on muuttanut merkittävästi sitä, miten kuluttajat viestivät brändeistä. Tänä päivänä kuluttajat ilmaisevat sosiaalisilla verkkosivuilla statuspäivitysten, twiittien ja kuvien kautta laajasti mielipiteitään brändeistä. Kuluttajien vahvistunut asema verkossa on johtanut siihen, että brändien on huomioitava kuluttajat osana brändiin liittyvää verkkokeskustelua. Käyttäjien luomasta sisällöstä on siten tullut tärkeä osa nykyaikaista brändin johtamista. Mobiililaitteiden kehittyneiden kuvausominaisuuksien sekä sosiaalisten kuvanjakopalveluiden suuren suosion myötä, yhä suurempi osuus kaikesta brändeihin liittyvästä käyttäjien luomasta sisällöstä on kuvallista. Tämä on herättänyt viime aikoina yritysten mielenkiinnon brändeihin liittyvää käyttäjien luomaa kuvallista sisältöä kohtaan erityisesti sosiaalisissa kuvanjakopalveluissa. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia, miten käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö vaikuttaa sosiaalisen kuvanjakopalvelu Instagramin kontekstissa brändin johtamiseen. Tutkielman teoreettiseksi viitekehykseksi valittiin identiteettiin pohjautuva brändin johtamisen malli, jota tarkasteltiin käyttäjän luoman brändäämisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin käyttämällä laadullisista tutkimusmenetelmistä teemahaastattelua. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kahdeksaa markkinoinnin asiantuntijaa, jotka edustivat arvostettuja suomalaisia B2C-brändejä. Puolistrukturoituna toteutettujen haastatteluiden tulokset analysoitiin teemoittelun avulla. Tutkimustulosten mukaan brändeihin liittyvä käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö Instagramissa koetaan toistaiseksi kokeilevana markkinointitapana ja keinona johtaa brändiä. Käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö tarjoaa brändeille ideoita, tietoa ja ymmärrystä kuluttajista tulevaisuuden markkinointitoimien ja brändin johtamisen tueksi. Tulosten mukaan kuluttajia motivoi tuottamaan kuvallista sisältöä Instagramissa erityisesti brändin tuote tai palvelu, itsensä ilmaiseminen sekä sisällön tuottamisen hauskuus. Tehokas brändin johtaminen edellyttää siten kuluttajien kuvallisen sisällön tuottamisen motivaatiotekijöiden ymmärtämistä. Kuvallisen sisällön hyödyntämisen keskeisenä haasteena nähdään yleisesti yhtenäinen brändin johtaminen. Jatkuvasti kiihtyvän sisällön tuotannon syklin sekä erilaisten brändiin liittyvien ilmiöiden myötä brändin johtamisessa on huomioitava myös yhä suuremmassa määrin muuttuvat tilanteet. Brändiin liittyvät sisällöt edellyttävät siten brändin johtamiselta nopeaa reagointia, uudenlaista riskinottokykyä sekä erilaisten toimintamallien muodostamista esimerkiksi, miten brändi reagoi negatiivisiin käyttäjien luomiin kuvallisiin sisältöihin. Instagramin luonnollinen brändiin liittyvä käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö toimii yrityksille mittarina brändin johtamisen onnistumisesta sekä tarjoaa aitoa kuluttajapalautetta brändin toiminnasta. Brändin johtamisen kannalta luonnollisen kuvallisen sisällön hyödyntämisen keskeisenä haasteena ovat kuitenkin tekijänoikeudet. Stimuloitu brändeihin liittyvä käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö tarjoaa brändin johtamiselle monipuolisia keinoja osallistaa ja aktivoida kuluttajia. Stimuloitu brändeihin liittyvä käyttäjien luoma kuvallinen sisältö soveltuu siten käytettäväksi hyvin monenlaisten brändin johtamisen tavoitteiden tukena.

Inviting the Audience – Interactive, Participatory, and Social Television in Finland

The television and the ways it has invited the audience to take part have been changing during the last decade. Today’s interaction, or rather participation, comes from multiplatform formats, such as TV spectacles that combine TV and web platforms in order to create a wider TV experience. Multiplatform phenomena have spread television consumption and traditional coffee table discussions to several different devices and environments. Television has become a part of the bigger puzzle of interconnected devices that operates on several platforms instead of just one. This thesis examines the Finnish television (2004–2014) through the notion of audience participation and introduces the technical, thematic, and social linkages as three different phases, interactive, participatory, social, and their most characteristic features in terms of audience participation. The aim of the study is also to focus on the idea of a possible change by addressing the possible and subtler variations that have taken place through the concept of digital television. Firstly, Finnish television history has gone through numerous trials, exploring the interactive potential of television formats. Finnish SMS-based iTV had its golden era around 2005, when nearly 50% of the television formats were to some extent interactive. Nowadays, interactive television formats have vanished due to their negative reputation and this important part of recent history is mainly been neglected in the academic scope. The dissertation focuses also on the present situation and the ways television content invites the audience to take part. “TV meets the Internet” is a global expression that characterises digital TV, and the use of the Web combined with television content is also examined. Also the linkages between television and social media are identified. Since television can nowadays be described multifaceted, the research approaches are also versatile. The research is based on qualitative content analysis, media observation, and Internet inquiry. The research material also varies. It consists of primary data: taped iTV formats, website material, and social media traces both from Twitter and Facebook and secondary data: discussion forums, observations from the media and Internet inquiry data. To sum up the results, the iTV phase represented, through its content, a new possibility for audiences to take part in a TV show (through gameful and textual features) in real-time. In participatory phase, the most characteristic features from TV-related content view, is the fact that online platform(s) were used to immerse the audience with additional material and, due to this, to extend the TV watching enjoyment beyond the actual broadcast. During the Social (media) phase, both of these features, real-timeness, and extended enjoyment through additional material, are combined and Facebook & Twitter, for example, are used to immerse people in live events (in real-time) via broadcast-related tweets and extra-material offered on a Facebook page. This thesis fills in the gap in Finnish television research by examining the rapid changes taken place on the field within the last ten years. The main results is that the development of Finnish digital television has been much more diverse and subtle than has been anticipated by following only the news, media, and contemporary discourses on the subject of television. The results will benefit both practitioners and academics by identifying the recent history of Finnish television.

Embedded Service Bus for Internet of Things Interoperability

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are developing rapidly, and therefore there exist several standards of interconnection protocols and platforms. The existence of heterogeneous protocols and platforms has become a critical challenge for IoT system developers. To mitigate this challenge, few alliances and organizations have taken the initiative to build a framework that helps to integrate application silos. Some of these frameworks focus only on a specific domain like home automation. However, the resource constraints in the large proportion of connected devices make it difficult to build an interoperable system using such frameworks. Therefore, a general purpose, lightweight interoperability framework that can be used for a range of devices is required. To tackle the heterogeneous nature, this work introduces an embedded, distributed and lightweight service bus, Lightweight IoT Service bus Architecture (LISA), which fits inside the network stack of a small real-time operating system for constrained nodes. LISA provides a uniform application programming interface for an IoT system on a range of devices with variable resource constraints. It hides platform and protocol variations underneath it, thus facilitating interoperability in IoT implementations. LISA is inspired by the Network on Terminal Architecture, a service centric open architecture by Nokia Research Center. Unlike many other interoperability frameworks, LISA is designed specifically for resource constrained nodes and it provides essential features of a service bus for easy service oriented architecture implementation. The presented architecture utilizes an intermediate computing layer, a Fog layer, between the small nodes and the cloud, thereby facilitating the federation of constrained nodes into subnetworks. As a result of a modular and distributed design, the part of LISA running in the Fog layer handles the heavy lifting to assist the lightweight portion of LISA inside the resource constrained nodes. Furthermore, LISA introduces a new networking paradigm, Node Centric Networking, to route messages across protocol boundaries to facilitate interoperability. This thesis presents a concept implementation of the architecture and creates a foundation for future extension towards a comprehensive interoperability framework for IoT.