[Inga pieni]

Soitinnus: lauluääni (tenori), piano.

” För tillfället så har jag inga elever med behov av differentiering” : differentiering i gymnastikundervisningen inom den grundläggande utbildningens årskurser 7–9

Differentiering i gymnastikundervisning är ett relativt outforskat område. I den nya läroplanen som tas i bruk höstterminen 2016 har begreppet differentiering fått en allt större betydelse. Enligt läroplanen innebär differentiering att läraren erbjuder elever exempelvis olika arbetssätt, tempo och grupper för att eleverna ska utvecklas enligt sina individuella förutsättningar. Speciellt inför byte av läroplan är det intressant att undersöka hur gymnastikundervisningen ser ut inom den grundläggande utbildningens årskurser 7–9. Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka hur gymnastiklärare planerar, genomför och utvärderar gymnastikundervisningen med avseende på differentiering i årskurserna 7–9 i finlandssvenska skolor. Utöver detta undersöks lärarnas kännedom om läroplanen samt andra faktorer som kan påverka differentieringen. Dessutom undersöks hur olika gymnastikgrenar enligt gymnastiklärarna inverkar på möjligheten till differentiering. Utgående från syftet har fyra forskningsfrågor formulerats: 1. Hur differentierar gymnastiklärarna gymnastikundervisningen? 2. Hur är gymnastiklärarnas kännedom om de nationella läroplanernas bestämmelser om en differentierad undervisning? 3. Hur är sambandet mellan skol- och läraranknutna faktorer och differentieringen i gymnastikundervisningen? 4. Hur ser gymnastiklärarna på sina möjligheter till differentiering i olika grenar? För att besvara frågeställningarna valdes en kvantitativ forskningsmetod i form av en webbenkät. Webbenkäten skickades ut åt 108 gymnastiklärare och 14 rektorer. På webbenkäten svarade 49 respondenter vars svar analyserades statistiskt. Majoriteten av gymnastiklärarna känner rätt bra eller i någon mån till differentiering. Av gymnastiklärarna anser 4 att alla elever i deras undervisning är i behov av differentiering. Gymnastiklärarna differentierar främst utvärderingen i gymnastikundervisningen. Själva genomförandet av undervisningen tenderar att differentieras minst. Skol- och läraranknutna faktorer påverkar inte differentieringen i gymnastikundervisningen. De grenar som gymnastiklärarna ansåg vara mest möjliga att differentiera var redskapsgymnastik, friidrott och bollspel.

Kansainvälisten lukukokeiden kääntämiseen liittyviä ongelmia

Artikkeli pohjautuu kirjoittajan väitöstutkimukseen The problem of equivalence in translating texts in international reading literacy studies : a text analytic study of three English and Finnish texts used in the PISA 2000 reading texts (Jyväskylän yliopisto 2007).

Ack om jag hade vingar

Valssi.

Classification, comorbidity, heredity, and risk factors of female sexual dysfunctions

Female sexual dysfunctions, including desire, arousal, orgasm and pain problems, have been shown to be highly prevalent among women around the world. The etiology of these dysfunctions is unclear but associations with health, age, psychological problems, and relationship factors have been identified. Genetic effects explain individual variation in orgasm function to some extent but until now quantitative behavior genetic analyses have not been applied to other sexual functions. In addition, behavior genetics can be applied to exploring the cause of any observed comorbidity between the dysfunctions. Discovering more about the etiology of the dysfunctions may further improve the classification systems which are currently under intense debate. The aims of the present thesis were to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Finnish-language version of a commonly used questionnaire for measuring female sexual function, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), in order to investigate prevalence, comorbidity, and classification, and to explore the balance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology as well as the associations of a number of biopsychosocial factors with female sexual functions. Female sexual functions were studied through survey methods in a population based sample of Finnish twins and their female siblings. There were two waves of data collection. The first data collection targeted 5,000 female twins aged 33–43 years and the second 7,680 female twins aged 18–33 and their over 18–year-old female siblings (n = 3,983). There was no overlap between the data collections. The combined overall response rate for both data collections was 53% (n = 8,868), with a better response rate in the second (57%) compared to the first (45%). In order to measure female sexual function, the FSFI was used. It includes 19 items which measure female sexual function during the previous four weeks in six subdomains; desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain. In line with earlier research in clinical populations, a six factor solution of the Finnish-language version of the FSFI received supported. The internal consistencies of the scales were good to excellent. Some questions about how to avoid overestimating the prevalence of extreme dysfunctions due to women being allocated the score of zero if they had had no sexual activity during the preceding four weeks were raised. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions per se ranged from 11% for lubrication dysfunction to 55% for desire dysfunction. The prevalence rates for sexual dysfunction with concomitant sexual distress, in other words, sexual disorders were notably lower ranging from 7% for lubrication disorder to 23% for desire disorder. The comorbidity between the dysfunctions was substantial most notably between arousal and lubrication dysfunction even if these two dysfunctions showed distinct patterns of associations with the other dysfunctions. Genetic influences on individual variation in the six subdomains of FSFI were modest but significant ranging from 3–11% for additive genetic effects and 5–18% for nonadditive genetic effects. The rest of the variation in sexual functions was explained by nonshared environmental influences. A correlated factor model, including additive and nonadditive genetic effects and nonshared environmental effects had the best fit. All in all, every correlation between the genetic factors was significant except between lubrication and pain. All correlations between the nonshared environment factors were significant showing that there is a substantial overlap in genetic and nonshared environmental influences between the dysfunctions. In general, psychological problems, poor satisfaction with the relationship, sexual distress, and poor partner compatibility were associated with more sexual dysfunctions. Age was confounded with relationship length but had over and above relationship length a negative effect on desire and sexual satisfaction and a positive effect on orgasm and pain functions. Alcohol consumption in general was associated with better desire, arousal, lubrication, and orgasm function. Women pregnant with their first child had fewer pain problems than nulliparous nonpregnant women. Multiparous pregnant women had more orgasm problems compared to multiparous nonpregnant women. Having children was associated with less orgasm and pain problems. The conclusions were that desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain are separate entities that have distinct associations with a number of different biopsychosocial factors. However, there is also considerable comorbidity between the dysfunctions which are explained by overlap in additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and nonshared environmental influences. Sexual dysfunctions are highly prevalent and are not always associated with sexual distress and this relationship might be moderated by a good relationship and compatibility with partner. Regarding classification, the results supports separate diagnoses for subjective arousal and genital arousal as well as the inclusion of pain under sexual dysfunctions.