27 resultados para Er3 emission


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Since the discovery of the up-conversion phenomenon, there has been an ever increasing interest in up-converting phosphors in which the absorption of two or more low energy photons is followed by emission of a higher energy photon. Most up-conversion luminescence materials operate by using a combination of a trivalent rare earth (lanthanide) sensitizer (e.g. Yb or Er) and an activator (e.g. Er, Ho, Tm or Pr) ion in a crystal lattice. Up-converting phosphors have a variety of potential applications as lasers and displays as well as inks for security printing (e.g. bank notes and bonds). One of the most sophisticated applications of lanthanide up-conversion luminescence is probably in medical diagnostics. However, there are some major problems in the use of photoluminescence based on the direct UV excitation in immunoassays. Human blood absorbs strongly UV radiation as well as the emission of the phosphor in the visible. A promising way to overcome the problems arising from the blood absorption is to use a long wavelength excitation and benefit from the up-conversion luminescence. Since there is practically no absorption by the whole-blood in the near IR region, it has no capability for up-conversion in the excitation wavelength region of the conventional up-converting phosphor based on the Yb3+ (sensitizer) and Er3+ (activator) combination. The aim of this work was to prepare nanocrystalline materials with high red (and green) up-conversion luminescence efficiency for use in quantitative whole-blood immunoassays. For coupling to biological compounds, nanometer-sized (crystallite size below 50 nm) up-converting phosphor particles are required. The nanocrystalline ZrO2:Yb3+,Er3+, Y2O2S:Yb3+,Er3+, NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ and NaRF4-NaRâF4 (R: Y, Yb, Er) materials, prepared with the combustion, sol-gel, flux, co-precipitation and solvothermal synthesis, were studied using the thermal analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, EDX spectroscopy, XANES/EXAFS measurements, absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, as well as up-conversion and thermoluminescence spectroscopies. The effect of the impurities of the phosphors, crystallite size, as well as the crystal structure on the up-conversion luminescence intensity was analyzed. Finally, a new phenomenon, persistent up-conversion luminescence was introduced and discussed. For efficient use in bioassays, more work is needed to yield nanomaterials with smaller and more uniform crystallite sizes. Surface modifications need to be studied to improve the dispersion in water. On the other hand, further work must be carried out to optimize the persistent up-conversion luminescence of the nanomaterials to allow for their use as efficient immunoassay nanomaterials combining the advantages of both up-conversion and persistent luminescence.

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Selostus: Maan märkyyden vaikutus ilman koostumukseen ja dityppioksidiemissioon hiuemaassa

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PäästÃjen vähentäminen on ollut viime vuosina tärkeässä osassa polttomoottoreita kehitettäessä.Monet viralliset tahot asettavat uusia tiukempia päästÃrajoituksia. PäästÃrajatovat tyypillisesti olleet tiukimmat autoteollisuuden valmistamille pienille nopeakäyntisille diesel-moottoreille, mutta viime aikoina paineita on kohdistunut myÃs suurempiin keskinopeisiin ja hidaskäyntisiin diesel-moottoreihin. PäästÃrajat ovat erilaisia riippuen moottorin tyypistä, käytetystä polttoaineesta ja paikasta missä moottoria käytetään johtuen erilaisista paikallisista laeista ja asetuksista. Eniten huomiota diesel-moottorin päästÃissä täytyy kohdistaa typen oksideihin, savun muodostukseen sekä partikkeleihin. Laskennallisen virtausmekaniikan (CFD) avulla on hyvät mahdollisuudet tutkia diesel-moottorin sylinterissä tapahtuvia ilmiÃitä palamisen aikana. CFD on hyÃdyllinen tyÃkalu arvioitaessa moottorin suorituskykyä ja päästÃjen muodostumista. CFD:llä on mahdollista testata erilaisten parametrien ja geometrioiden vaikutusta ilman kalliita moottorinkoeajoja. CFD:tä voidaan käyttää myÃs opetustarkoituksessa lisäämään paloprosessin tuntemusta. Tulevaisuudessa palamissimuloinnit CFD:llä tulevat epäilemättä olemaan tärkeä osa moottorin kehityksessä. Tässä diplomityÃssä on tehty palamissimuloinnit kahteen erilaisilla poittoaineenruiskutuslaitteistoilla varustettuun Wärtsilän keskinopeaan diesel-moottoriin. W46 moottorin ruiskutuslaitteisto on perinteinen mekaanisesti ohjattu pumppusuutin ja W46-CR moottorissa on elektronisesti ohjattu 'common rail' ruiskutuslaitteisto. Näiden moottorien ja käytÃssä olevien ruiskutusprofiilien lisäksi on simuloinneilla testattu erilaisia uusia ruiskutusprofiileja, jotta erityyppisten profiilien hyvät ja huonot ominaisuudet tulisivat selville. Matalalla kuormalla kiinnostuksen kohteena on nokipäästÃjen muodostus ja täydellä kuormalla NOx-päästÃjen muodostus ja polttoaineen kulutus. Simulointien tulokset osoittivat, että noen muodostusta matalalla kuormalla voidaan selvästi vähentää monivaiheisella ruiskutuksella, jossa yksi ruiskutusjakso jaetaan kahteen tai useampaan jaksoon. Erityisen tehokas noen vähentämisessä vaikuttaa olevan ns. jälkiruiskutus (post injection). Matalat NOx-päästÃt ja hyvä polttoaineen kulutus täydellä kuormalla on mahdollista saavuttaaasteittain nostettavalla ruiskutusnopeudella.

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Reaaliaikainen, ennakoiva kunnonvalvonta on erittäin tärkeä osa modernin tehtaan tai tuotantolinjan toimintaa. DiplomityÃn teettäjä haluaa edelleen kehittää akustiseen emissioon perustuvaa kunnonvalvonta järjestelmäänsä, jotta siitä olisi enemmän hyÃtyä asiakkaalle. Diplomityà sisältää johdannonakustiseen emissioon ja akustisiin emissio sensoreihin. TyÃn tavoitteena oli kehittää päätÃksentekojärjestelmä, jota käytettäisiin tyÃn teettäjän valmistamien sensoreiden antaman tiedon automatisoituun analysointiin. TyÃssä on vertailtu kolmea eri ohjelmistotoimittajaa ja heidän ohjelmiaan, ja tehty ehdotus hankittavasta ohjelmistosta. Lisäksi tyÃssä on kehitetty ohjeita, joiden avulla ohjelmisto ohjelmoidaan tuottamaan reaaliaikaista tietoa ja huolto-ohjeita sen käyttäjille. Lisäksi tyÃssä annetaan ehdotuksia kunnonvalvonta- ja päätÃksentekojärjestelmän edelleen kehittämiseen.

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Ihmisen toiminnan vaikutus ilmakehään johtaa todennäkÃisesti ilmastonmuutoksiin. Eräs näistä muutoksista on maapallon keskilämpÃtilan nousu, joka aiheutuu kasvihuonekaasujen lisääntyneestä pitoisuudesta ilmakehässä. Vaikutusten vähentämiseksi on hiilidioksidipäästÃjä vähennettävä. Kioton pÃytäkirja asettaa allekirjoittaneille maille päästÃvelvoitteet. Euroopan unionin tulee vähentää kasvihuonekaasupäästÃjään 8%:lla. Eräs vähennysmekanismeista on päästÃkauppa. PäästÃkauppa on sekä keino suojella ympäristÃä että ympäristÃpoliittinen instrumentti kasvihuonekaasupäästÃvähennysten kustannusten keventämiseksi. PäästÃkauppa ei suoranaisesti vähennä kasvihuonekaasupäästÃjä, vaan tasaa niitä maiden ja laitosten välillä. Uusiutuvan energian käytÃn edistäminen sekä kansainvälisesti että kansallisesti johtaa suoriin kasvihuonekaasupäästÃjen vähenemiseen. Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltiot ovat asettaneet kansalliset viitearvot uusituvan sähkÃn kulutukselle. Saavuttaakseen nämä viitearvot maiden tulee tukea uusiutuvia energialähteitä eri menetelmin kuten vihreillä sertifikaateilla. PäästÃkauppa ja kaupattavat vihreät sertifikaatit tulevat vaikuttamaan energiantuottajien liiketoimintaan. TyÃssä on tutkittu päästÃkaupan ja vihreiden sertifikaattien vaikutuksia Vattenfall Kaukolämpà Oy:n, Vattenfall SähkÃntuotanto Oy:n ja Vamy Oy:n liiketoimintaan.

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Tässä diplomityÃssä tavoitteena on selvittää käytännÃt ja menetelmät, joilla UPM-Kymmenen sellu-, paperi- ja vaneritehtaat ympäri maailman mittaavat ja laskevat ilmapäästÃnsä. Tämä tehdään kyselylomakkeella, joka lähetetään tehtaiden ympäristÃpäällikÃille. Kaikki tärkeimmät seikat ilmapäästÃihin liittyen, kuten vaaditut jatkuvatoimiset mittaukset, jaksottaiset mittaukset, raportointikäytäntÃ, kalibrointi jne. kysytään lomakkeessa. Kyselylomakkeessa painotetaan mittauskäytäntÃä sellutehtaissa sekä energiantuotannossa. Saatujen tulosten perusteella annetaan ehdotuksia sekä ohjeita tulevaisuutta varten, jotta mittaustulosten kokoaminen helpottuisi ja vertailukelpoisuus paranisi. TyÃn kirjallisuusosuudessa selvitetään yleisimmät päästÃlähteet sekä päästÃkomponentit paperi âja selluteollisuudessa. Näiden ei toivottujen yhdisteiden syntymekanismit sekä menetelmät niiden poistamiseksi savukaasuista on myÃs lyhyesti kuvailtu. MyÃs erilaiset analysointi- ja näytteenottomenetelmät on kerrottu. Erot tehtaiden ympäristÃluvissa käydään läpi, jakaen tehtaat kolmeen maantieteelliseen ryhmään. LupakäytäntÃjen osalta Suomen osuutta on painotettu, sillä UPM-Kymmene on varsin Suomikeskeinen yhtià tehtaiden lukumääriin ja sijainteihin katsottuna. Viranomaismääräykset sekä päästÃrajat muutamista tehtaista on esitetty havainnollistaakseen alueellisia eroja.

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This thesis was made in Naantali plant of Finnfeeds Finland Oy. In this thesis the main study was in reducing, controlling, measuring and processing odour effluents in various methods. Also are considered legislation, marketing issues and environmental requirements of reducing of odour effluents. The literature review introduces odours complications, legislations and various methods of odour removal. There is also a review of volatile organic compounds detection and measuring methods. The experimental section consists TD-GC-MS-measurements and expansive measurements with electronic nose. Electronic nose is a new solution for recognition and measuring industrial odours. In this thesis the electronic nose was adapted into reliable recognition and measuring method. Measurements with electronic nose was made in betaine factory and main targets were odour removal process and other odours from factory. As a result of experimental work with TD-GC-MS-measurements becomes odour compound of 2-and 3- methylbutanal and dimethyldisulfide, which odour is sweet and fug. Extensive study with electronic nose found many developmental subjects. Odour balance measurements of factory and after calculation made adjustment of odour removal process, over all odour effluent to environment will reduce 25 %.

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Performance standards for Positron emission tomography (PET) were developed to be able to compare systems from different generations and manufacturers. This resulted in the NEMA methodology in North America and the IEC in Europe. In practices, the NEMA NU 2- 2001 is the method of choice today. These standardized methods allow assessment of the physical performance of new commercial dedicated PET/CT tomographs. The point spread in image formation is one of the factors that blur the image. The phenomenon is often called the partial volume effect. Several methods for correcting for partial volume are under research but no real agreement exists on how to solve it. The influence of the effect varies in different clinical settings and it is likely that new methods are needed to solve this problem. Most of the clinical PET work is done in the field of oncology. The whole body PET combined with a CT is the standard investigation today in oncology. Despite the progress in PET imaging technique visualization, especially quantification of small lesions is a challenge. In addition to partial volume, the movement of the object is a significant source of error. The main causes of movement are respiratory and cardiac motions. Most of the new commercial scanners are in addition to cardiac gating, also capable of respiratory gating and this technique has been used in patients with cancer of the thoracic region and patients being studied for the planning of radiation therapy. For routine cardiac applications such as assessment of viability and perfusion only cardiac gating has been used. However, the new targets such as plaque or molecular imaging of new therapies require better control of the cardiac motion also caused by respiratory motion. To overcome these problems in cardiac work, a dual gating approach has been proposed. In this study we investigated the physical performance of a new whole body PET/CT scanner with NEMA standard, compared methods for partial volume correction in PET studies of the brain and developed and tested a new robust method for dual cardiac-respiratory gated PET with phantom, animal and human data. Results from performance measurements showed the feasibility of the new scanner design in 2D and 3D whole body studies. Partial volume was corrected, but there is no best method among those tested as the correction also depends on the radiotracer and its distribution. New methods need to be developed for proper correction. The dual gating algorithm generated is shown to handle dual-gated data, preserving quantification and clearly eliminating the majority of contraction and respiration movement

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<b>Objective:</b> The aim of this study was to investigate the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and whole body positron emission tomography (PET), with emphasis on surgical treatment and prognosis, in the detection of clinically occult metastases in patients with clinically localized cutaneous melanoma. <b>Patients and methods: </b>The study population consisted of 1255 patients with clinical stage IâII cutaneous melanoma, operated at Turku University Hospital between 1983 and 2007. 334 patients underwent SLNB and they were compared to 921 retrospective patients. A subgroup of 30 symptom-free patients with high risk melanoma underwent prospectively whole body PET 6â24 months postoperatively. <b>Results: </b>Overall, the disease-specific survival rate was 84.4 % at five years. Sex, Breslow thickness, age and nodal status were independent prognostic factors for survival. SLNB revealed occult nodal metastases in 17 % of the patients. There was no significant difference in disease-specific overall survival between SLNB patients and controls, but the nodal disease-free time was significantly longer suggesting better local control after SLNB and subsequent completion lymph node dissection. The followup time was different between the study cohorts and initial surgery was performed during different time periods. SLNB detected micrometastases in seven of 155 patients (4.5 %) with thin T1 primary melanoma and in four of 25 patients (16 %) with head and neck melanoma. In six of 30 asymptomatic patients with high risk melanoma (20 %), whole body PET detected occult distant metastases. <b>Conclusion: </b>Both SLNB and whole body PET were reliable methods to detect clinically occult metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma. This upstaging altered the treatment in each case.

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Emission trading with greenhouse gases and green certificates are part if the climate policy the main target of which is reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The carbon dioxide and fine particle emissions of energy production in Helsinki Metropolitan area are calculated in this study. The analysis is made mainly by district heating point of view and the changes of the district heating network are assessed. Carbon dioxide emissions would be a bit higher, if the district heating network is expanded, but then the fine particle emissions would be much lower. Carbon dioxide emissions are roughly 10 % higher, if the district heating network is expanded at same rate as it has in past five years in the year 2030. The expansion of district heating network would decrease the fine particle emissions about 40 %. The cost of the expansion is allocated to be reduction cost of the fine particle emissions, which is considerably higher than the traditional reduction methods costs. The possible new nuclear plant would reduce the emissions considerably and the costs of the nuclear plant would be relatively low comparing the other energy production methods.

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<b>Tutkimuksen tausta ja tavoitteet:</b> Viimeaikaisesta perinteisten kuvantamismenetelmien kehityksestä huolimatta sekä haima- että neuroendokriinisten (NE) kasvaimien diagnostiikka on haastavaa. Uudentyyppinen kuvantamismenetelmä, fuusio positroniemissiotomografia-tietokonetomografia (PET/TT), on lupaava näiden kasvainten erotusdiagnostiikassa ja levinneisyyden arvioinnissa. Huolimatta alustavista lupaavista tutkimustuloksista, PET/TT:n rooli on toistaiseksi vielä epäselvä sekä haima- että NE-kasvaimissa eikä se näin ollen ole vakiintunut kliiniseen hoitokäytäntÃÃn. VäitÃskirjatyÃn tavoitteena oli selvittää PET/TT -menetelmän käyttÃkelpoisuutta haima- ja NE-kasvaimien diagnostiikassa. Kahden ensimmäisen osatyÃn prospektiivisessa tutkimuksessa potilaat, joilla epäiltiin haimakasvainta, kuvannettiin PET/TT:llä käyttäen merkkiaineena fluorideoxyglukoosia (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) kasvaimen aineenvaihdunnan arvioimiseksi ja kasvaimen verenvirtausta arviointiin käyttäen merkkiaineena radiovettä (<sup>15</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O). Kolmen muun osatyÃn tavoitteena oli selvittää dihydroxyfenylalaniini (18F-DOPA) PET -menetelmää erilaisten NE-kasvaimien diagnostiikassa ja levinneisyyden arvioinnissa. <b>Tulokset:</b> Haimakasvaimien ensivaiheen diagnostiikassa <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TT:llä oli korkeampi diagnostinen tarkkuus verrattuna titokoneleike- (TT) ja magneettikuvantamiseen (MK) (89% vs. 76% ja 79%). Etenkin pahanlaatuiseksi epäillyn sappitiehytahtauman erotusdiagnostiikassa <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TT:n positiivinen ennustearvo (92%) oli korkea. HaimasyÃvän levinneisyyden arvioinnissa <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TT:n herkkyys oli huono (30%) paikallisen taudin osoittamisessa. Sen sijaan etäpesäkkeiden osoittamisessa <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TT oli merkittävästi herkempi menetelmä verrattuna TT ja magneettikuvantamiseen (88% <i>vs</i>. 38%). Verrattaessa erilaisten haimakasvaimien ja normaalin haimakudoksen aineenvaihduntaa ja verenvirtausta, aineenvaihdunta/verenvirtaus suhde oli merkittävästi korkeampi pahanlaatuisissa haimakasvaimissa (P<0.05). Lisäksi kasvaimen korkea aineenvaihdunta/verenvirtaus suhde viittasi huonompaan taudin ennusteeseen. <sup>18</sup>F-DOPA-PET lÃysi seitsemän kahdeksasta insulinoomasta ja oli positiivinen myÃs kahdella potilaalla, joilla todettiin haiman saarakesoluhyperplasia. Perustuen alustaviin tuloksiin, rutiinikäytÃssä oleva karbidopa esilääke ennen <sup>18</sup>F-DOPA-PET kuvantamista peitti insulinooma lÃydÃksen kahdella potilaalla kolmesta. NE-kasvaiminen diagnostiikassa 82 potilaan aineisto osoitti <sup>18</sup>F-DOPA PET kuvantamisen tarkkuudeksi 90%. Etenkin feokromosytoomien ensivaiheen diagnostiikassa ja NE-kasvaimen uusiutumaa epäiltäessä menetelmän tarkkuus oli korkea. Kokonaisuudessaan 59%:lla aineiston potilaista <sup>18</sup>F-DOPA-PET kuvantamisella oli vaikutusta kliinisiin hoitoratkaisuihin. <b>JohtopäätÃkset:</b> PET/TT käyttäen merkkiaineena <sup>18</sup>F-FDG:tä ja radiovettä osoittautui käyttÃkelpoiseksi menetelmäksi haimakasvaimien erotusdiagnostiikassa. Lisäksi <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TT oli hyÃdyllinen haimasyÃvän etäpesäkkeiden arvioinnissa. Tutkimus osoitti myÃs <sup>18</sup>F-DOPA-PET kuvantamisen olevan luotettava menetelmä insulinoomien ja muiden vatsan alueen NE-kasvaimien ensivaiheen diagnostiikassa sekä levinneisyyden arvioinnissa, etenkin muiden kuvantamislÃydÃsten ollessa ristiriitaisia. PET kuvantamisella oli merkittävä vaikutus potilaiden kliiniseen hoitokäytäntÃÃn sekä haima- että NE-kasvaimissa.

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The role of dopamine and serotonin in spinal pain regulation is well established. However, little is known concerning the role of brain dopamine and serotonin in the perception of pain in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the potential role of brain dopamine and serotonin in determining experimental pain sensitivity in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) and psychophysical methods. A total of 39 healthy subjects participated in the study, and PET imaging was performed to assess brain dopamine D2/D3 and serotonin 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor availability. In a separate session, sensitivity to pain and touch was assessed with traditional psychophysical methods, allowing the evaluation of potential associations between D2/D3 and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> binding and psychophysical responses. The subjectsâ responses were also analyzed according to Signal Detection Theory, which enables separate assessment of the subjectâs discriminative capacity (sensory factor) and response criterion (non-sensory factor). The study found that the D2/D3 receptor binding in the right putamen was inversely correlated with pain threshold and response criterion. 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> binding in cingulate cortex, inferior temporal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex was inversely correlated with discriminative capacity for touch. Additionally, the response criterion for pain and intensity rating of suprathreshold pain were inversely correlated with 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> binding in multiple brain areas. The results suggest that brain D2/D3 receptors and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors modulate sensitivity to pain and that the pain modulatory effects may, at least partly, be attributed to influences on the response criterion. 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors are also involved in the regulation of touch by having an effect on discriminative capacity.

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<b>Aims:</b>This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of two different methods to determine free flap perfusion in cancer patients undergoing major reconstructive surgery. The hypotheses was that low perfusion in the flap is associated with flap complications. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Between August 2002 and June 2008 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology â Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, and at the PET Centre, Turku, 30 consecutive patients with 32 free flaps were included in this study. The perfusion of the free microvascular flaps was assessed with positron emission tomography (PET) and radioactive water ([<sup>15</sup>O] H<sub>2</sub>O) in 40 radiowater injections in 33 PET studies. Furthermore, 24 free flaps were monitored with a continuous tissue oxygen measurement using flexible polarographic catheters for an average of three postoperative days. <b>Results:</b> Of the 17 patients operated on for head and neck (HN) cancer and reconstructed with 18 free flaps, three re-operations were carried out due to poor tissue oxygenation as indicated by <i>p</i><sub>t</sub>iO<sub>2</sub> monitoring results and three other patients were reoperated on for postoperative hematomas in the operated area. Blood perfusion assessed with PET (BF<sub>PET</sub>) was above 2.0 mL / min / 100 g in all flaps and a low flap-to-muscle BFPET ratio appeared to correlate with poor survival of the flap. Survival in this group of HN cancer patients was 9.0 months (median, range 2.4-34.2) after a median follow-up of 11.9 months (range 1.0-61.0 months). Seven HN patients of this group are alive without any sign of recurrence and one patient has died of other causes. All of the 13 breast reconstruction patients included in the study are alive and free of disease at a median follow-up time of 27.4 months (range 13.9-35.7 months). Re-explorations were carried out in three patients due data provided by <i>p</i><sub>ti</sub>O<sub>2</sub> monitoring and one re-exploration was avoided on the basis of adequate blood perfusion assessed with PET. Two patients had donorsite morbidity and 3 patients had partial flap necrosis or fat necrosis. There were no total flap losses. <b>Conclusions:</b> <i>P</i><sub>ti</sub>O<sub>2</sub> monitoring is a feasible method of free flap monitoring when flap temperature is monitored and maintained close to the core temperature. When other monitoring methods give controversial results or are unavailable, [<sub>15</sub>O] H<sub>2</sub>O PET technique is feasible in the evaluation of the perfusion of the newly reconstructed free flaps.

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Virtually every cell and organ in the human body is dependent on a proper oxygen supply. This is taken care of by the cardiovascular system that supplies tissues with oxygen precisely according to their metabolic needs. Physical exercise is one of the most demanding challenges the human circulatory system can face. During exercise skeletal muscle blood flow can easily increase some 20-fold and its proper distribution to and within muscles is of importance for optimal oxygen delivery. The local regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise remains little understood, but adenosine and nitric oxide may take part in this process. In addition to acute exercise, long-term vigorous physical conditioning also induces changes in the cardiovasculature, which leads to improved maximal physical performance. The changes are largely central, such as structural and functional changes in the heart. The function and reserve of the heartâs own vasculature can be studied by adenosine infusion, which according to animal studies evokes vasodilation via itâs a<sub>2A</sub> receptors. This has, however, never been addressed in humans in vivo and also studies in endurance athletes have shown inconsistent results regarding the effects of sport training on myocardial blood flow. This study was performed on healthy young adults and endurance athletes and local skeletal and cardiac muscle blod flow was measured by positron emission tomography. In the heart, myocardial blood flow reserve and adenosine A<sub>2A </sub>receptor density, and in skeletal muscle, oxygen extraction and consumption was also measured. The role of adenosine in the control of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise, and its vasodilator effects, were addressed by infusing competitive inhibitors and adenosine into the femoral artery. The formation of skeletal muscle nitric oxide was also inhibited by a drug, with and without prostanoid blockade. As a result and conclusion, it can be said that skeletal muscle blood flow heterogeneity decreases with increasing exercise intensity most likely due to increased vascular unit recruitment, but exercise hyperemia is a very complex phenomenon that cannot be mimicked by pharmacological infusions, and no single regulator factor (e.g. adenosine or nitric oxide) accounts for a significant part of exercise-induced muscle hyperemia. However, in the present study it was observed for the first time in humans that nitric oxide is not only important regulator of the basal level of muscle blood flow, but also oxygen consumption, and together with prostanoids affects muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption during exercise. Finally, even vigorous endurance training does not seem to lead to supranormal myocardial blood flow reserve, and also other receptors than A<sub>2A</sub> mediate the vasodilator effects of adenosine. In respect to cardiac work, atheletes heart seems to be luxuriously perfused at rest, which may result from reduced oxygen extraction or impaired efficiency due to pronouncedly enhanced myocardial mass developed to excel in strenuous exercise.