On the Segregation of Genetically Modified, Conventional, and Organic Products in European Agriculture: A Multi-market Equilibrium Analysis, October 2005

Evaluating the possible benefits of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops must address the issue of consumer resistance as well as the complex regulation that has ensued. In the European Union (EU) this regulation envisions the “co-existence” of GM food with conventional and quality-enhanced products, mandates the labelling and traceability of GM products, and allows only a stringent adventitious presence of GM content in other products. All these elements are brought together within a partial equilibrium model of the EU agricultural food sector. The model comprises conventional, GM and organic food. Demand is modelled in a novel fashion, whereby organic and conventional products are treated as horizontally differentiated but GM products are vertically differentiated (weakly inferior) relative to conventional ones. Supply accounts explicitly for the land constraint at the sector level and for the need for additional resources to produce organic food. Model calibration and simulation allow insights into the qualitative and quantitative effects of the large-scale introduction of GM products in the EU market. We find that the introduction of GM food reduces overall EU welfare, mostly because of the associated need for costly segregation of non-GM products, but the producers of quality-enhanced products actually benefit.

Issue review : impact of federal income tax changes on Iowa general fund revenue.

Iowa law allows taxpayers to deduct federal income taxes from income prior to calculating state income tax liability. Due to the federal tax deduction, changes to federal income taxes enacted by Congress directly and automatically impact Iowa's revenue stream. While this issue is present every year, the impact on the budget process has been more pronounced over the past three years as federal tax reductions enacted during the early 2000s were set to expire, were extended, and are now set to expire again. This issue review examines federal deductability and the related issue of federal conformity.

LSI-R Scores: Change Matters - Part II, Data Download, Iowa Department of Corrections

In the last issue of the Data Download, we discussed that overall, a 10% drop in LSI-R scores for our highest risk offenders was associated with a 6% reduction in recidivism. However, LSI-R score reductions for the lowest risk offenders don't substantially affect their already low recidivism rates. The issue contained charts that showed this held true for both probationers and parolees. The charts below show that change also matters for women offenders and African-American offenders.

Iowa Private Sector Prison Employment Works, Data Download, Iowa Department of Corrections, November 2006

This issue of the ICON Data Download describes highlights from the findings for the Iowa sample, which tracked 1,091 inmates who worked in private sector prison industries jobs and were released from prison between 1999 and 2001, and compared their results with similar offenders who had worked in either traditional prison industries, or other institutional jobs. All offenders were tracked through mid-2003. This results in a follow-up period of slightly less than two years up to four and one-half years.

LSI-R Assessment is Valid for Iowa Offenders, Data Download, Iowa Department of Corrections, September 2006

Welcome to the first issue of the ICON Data Download, a periodic report intended to communicate findings relevant to those who work directly with offenders, as well as those involved in planning, policy and budgeting. This issue highlights work conducted by research partner Christopher Lowenkamp, Ph.D., of the University of Cincinnati and his research associate, Kristin Bechtel, M.S. Data for this analysis was provided from the Iowa Justice Data Warehouse – and takes advantage of the link between ICON and ICIS (the court database) to readily track offender recidivism.

Development of a Computer Controlled Underbody Plow: TR412, Final Report, January 2006

Underbody plows can be very useful tools in winter maintenance, especially when compacted snow or hard ice must be removed from the roadway. By the application of significant down-force, and the use of an appropriate cutting edge angle, compacted snow and ice can be removed very effectively by such plows, with much greater efficiency than any other tool under those circumstances. However, the successful operation of an underbody plow requires considerable skill. If too little down pressure is applied to the plow, then it will not cut the ice or compacted snow. However, if too much force is applied, then either the cutting edge may gouge the road surface, causing significant damage often to both the road surface and the plow, or the plow may ride up on the cutting edge so that it is no longer controllable by the operator. Spinning of the truck in such situations is easily accomplished. Further, excessive down force will result in rapid wear of the cutting edge. Given this need for a high level of operator skill, the operation of an underbody plow is a candidate for automation. In order to successfully automate the operation of an underbody plow, a control system must be developed that follows a set of rules that represent appropriate operation of such a plow. These rules have been developed, based upon earlier work in which operational underbody plows were instrumented to determine the loading upon them (both vertical and horizontal) and the angle at which the blade was operating.These rules have been successfully coded into two different computer programs, both using the MatLab® software. In the first program, various load and angle inputs are analyzed to determine when, whether, and how they violate the rules of operation. This program is essentially deterministic in nature. In the second program, the Simulink® package in the MatLab® software system was used to implement these rules using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic essentially replaces a fixed and constant rule with one that varies in such a way as to improve operational control. The development of the fuzzy logic in this simulation was achieved simply by using appropriate routines in the computer software, rather than being developed directly. The results of the computer testing and simulation indicate that a fully automated, computer controlled underbody plow is indeed possible. The issue of whether the next steps toward full automation should be taken (and by whom) has also been considered, and the possibility of some sort of joint venture between a Department of Transportation and a vendor has been suggested.

Metric Short Course for the Office of Bridges and Structures, HR-378, 1995

This metric short course was developed in response to a request from the Office of Bridges and Structures to assist in the training of engineers in the use of metric units of measure which will be required in all highway designs and construction after September 30, 1996 (CFR Presidential Executive Order No. 12770). The course notes which are contained in this report, were developed for a half-day course. The course contains a brief review of metrication in the U.S., metric units, prefixes, symbols, basic conversions, etc. The unique part of the course is that it presents several typical bridge calculations (such as capacity of reinforced concrete compression members, strength of pile caps, etc.) worked two ways: inch-pound units throughout with end conversion to metric and initial hard conversion to metric with metric units throughout. Comparisons of partial results and final results (obtained by working the problems the two ways) are made for each of the example problems.

Investigation of Materials for the Reduction and Prevention of Corrosion on Highway Maintenance Equipment, TR-472, 2009

The issue of corrosion of winter maintenance equipment is becoming of greater concern because of the increased use of liquid solutions of ice control chemicals, as opposed to their application in solid form. Being in liquid form, the ice control chemicals can more easily penetrate into the nooks and crannies on equipment and avoid being cleansed from the vehicle. Given this enhanced corrosive ability, methods must be found to minimize corrosion. The methods may include coatings, additives, cleansing techniques, other methods, and may also include doing nothing, and accepting a reduced equipment lifetime as a valid (perhaps) trade off with the enhanced benefits of using liquid ice control chemicals. In reality, some combination of these methods may prove to be optimal. Whatever solutions are selected, they must be relatively cheap and durable. The latter point is critical because of the environment in which maintenance trucks operate, in which scrapes, scratches and dents are facts of life. Protection methods that are not robust simply will not work. The purpose of this study is to determine how corrosion occurs on maintenance trucks, to find methods that would minimize the major corrosion mechanisms, and to

The Law of Lending Discrimination, June 2010

The purpose of this article is two-fold. First, it provides an overview of the types of lending discrimination, discusses what laws apply to lending discrimination, and explains how to establish a prima facie case and pretext. This discussion will borrow concepts and case law from the areas of employment discrimination and the related issue of rental discrimination. Each of these areas share similar required elements as well as the need to establish pre-text. Second, this article provides an overview of predatory lending practices, applicable law, and potential remedies.