25 resultados para hybrid natural gas and electricity system (HGES)
em Iowa Publications Online (IPO) - State Library, State of Iowa (Iowa), United States
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Review of the Department of Natural Resources Parks Reservation System and the Electronic Licensing System for Iowa for the period July 1, 2006 through June 30, 2011
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This document is specific to the state of Iowa and outlines the requirements and procedures necessary to use, distribute, and service compressed natural gas (CNG) and the equipment associated with it. Four state agencies’ requirements for CNG are covered in this document: The Iowa Utilities Board (IUB), Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS)/ Weights and Measures Bureau, Iowa Department of Revenue (IDR) and Iowa Department of Public Safety (IDPS) / Division of the State Fire Marshal.
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The ongoing growth of corn-based ethanol production raises some fundamental questions about what impact continued growth will have on U.S. and world agriculture. Estimates of the long-run potential for ethanol production can be made by calculating the corn price at which the incentive to expand ethanol production disappears. Under current ethanol tax policy, if the prices of crude oil, natural gas, and distillers grains stay at current levels, then the break-even corn price is $4.05 per bushel. A multi-commodity, multi country system of integrated commodity models is used to estimate the impacts if we ever get to $4.05 corn. At this price, corn-based ethanol production would reach 31.5 billion gallons per year, or about 20% of projected U.S. fuel consumption in 2015. Supporting this level of production would require 95.6 million acres of corn to be planted. Total corn production would be approximately 15.6 billion bushels, compared to 11.0 billion bushels today. Most of the additional corn acres come from reduced soybean acreage. Wheat markets would adjust to fulfill increased demand for feed wheat. Corn exports and production of pork and poultry would all be reduced in response to higher corn prices and increased utilization of corn by ethanol plants. These results should not be viewed as a prediction of what will eventually materialize. Rather, they indicate a logical end point to the current incentives to invest in corn-based ethanol plants.
Greenhouse Gas and Nitrogen Fertilizer Scenarios for U.S. Agriculture and Global Biofuels, June 2011
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This analysis uses the 2011 FAPRI-CARD (Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute–Center for Agricultural and Rural Development) baseline to evaluate the impact of four alternative scenarios on U.S. and world agricultural markets, as well as on world fertilizer use and world agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. A key assumption in the 2011 baseline is that ethanol support policies disappear in 2012. The baseline also assumes that existing biofuel mandates remain in place and are binding. Two of the scenarios are adverse supply shocks, the first being a 10% increase in the price of nitrogen fertilizer in the United States, and the second, a reversion of cropland into forestland. The third scenario examines how lower energy prices would impact world agriculture. The fourth scenario reintroduces biofuel tax credits and duties. Given that the baseline excludes these policies, the fourth scenario is an attempt to understand the impact of these policies under the market conditions that prevail in early 2011. A key to understanding the results of this fourth scenario is that in the absence of tax credits and duties, the mandate drives biofuel use. Therefore, when the tax credits and duties are reintroduced, the impacts are relatively small. In general, the results show that the entire international commodity market system is remarkably robust with respect to policy changes in one country or in one sector. The policy implication is that domestic policy changes implemented by a large agricultural producer like the United States can have fairly significant impacts on the aggregate world commodity markets. A second point that emerges from the results is that the law of unintended consequences is at work in world agriculture. For example, a U.S. nitrogen tax that might presumably be motivated for environmental benefit results in an increase in world greenhouse gas emissions. A similar situation occurs in the afforestation scenario in which crop production shifts from high-yielding land in the United States to low-yielding land and probably native vegetation in the rest of the world, resulting in an unintended increase in global greenhouse gas emissions.
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State Agency Audit Report
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State Agency Audit Report
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State Audit Reports
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State Audit Reports
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Audit report on the Peace Officers' Retirement, Accident and Disability System for the year ended June 30, 2007
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Report on a review of selected general and application controls over the Iowa State University of Science and Technology tuition and fees system for the period of April 11 through May 2, 2008
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Report on a review of selected general and application controls over the University of Northern Iowa’s tuition and fees system for the period May 24, 2007 through July 3, 2007
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Audit report on the Peace Officers' Retirement, Accident and Disability System for the year ended June 30, 2008
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Audit report on the Peace Officers' Retirement, Accident and Disability System for the year ended June 30, 2009
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Audit report on the Peace Officers' Retirement, Accident and Disability System for the year ended June 30, 2010
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Audit report on the Peace Officers' Retirement, Accident and Disability System for the year ended June 30, 2011
