2000 Iowa Termination of Pregnancy Report, May 1, 2002

This report is a compilation of data on reported terminations of pregnancy in Iowa. These are terminations that actually occurred during the period from January 2000 through December 2000. The annual reporting of termination of pregnancy events is required by state legislation. With this legislative requirement, Iowa joins the other 49 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City in providing information that relates to issues of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy, live births, and fetal deaths (1). This information contributes to the ability of public health officials and policy makers to better understand these issues. The Iowa reporting system is a variation on the model published by the National Center for Health Statistics in 1987 (2). These guidelines described the criteria and expectations for reporting pregnancy information.

2002 Iowa Termination of Pregnancy Report, June 16. 2003

Overall, in 2002, annual pregnancy terminations in Iowa increased. In 2002, a total of 7,280 pregnancy terminations were reported in the reporting areas. This represents a 6.4% increase from 2001, when the same reporting areas showed 6,845 pregnancy terminations. Induced terminations of pregnancy increased by 508 cases from 5,722 to 6,230 in 2002, which represents an 8.9% increase. Spontaneous terminations of pregnancy decreased by 75 cases from 1,119 to 1,044, which represents a 6.7% decrease.

2001 Iowa Termination of Pregnancy Report, March 3 2003

The total number of pregnancy terminations decreased from 7,602 in 2000 to 6,845 in 2001. This represents a 10% decrease. Induced termination decreased from 6,059 to 5,722 (a 6% decrease) and spontaneous termination decreased from 1,541 to 1,119 (a 27% decrease). Pregnancy terminations by maternal and child health regions (MCH) • The fertility rate for the state as a whole increased from 62.3 per 1,000 to 62.6 per 1,000, from 2000 to 2001. In 2000, 15 MCH regions had a higher rate than the statewide fertility rate, while in 2001, the number of MCH regions with a higher rate than the statewide fertility rate dropped to 12. Region 7 continued to have the highest fertility rate and region 12 continued to have the lowest rate. • The pregnancy rate decreased from 74.6 per 1,000 to 74.1 per 1,000. Region 16 continued to have the lowest pregnancy rate. However, region 23 had the highest pregnancy rate in 2001, compared to region 7 in 2000. • The induced termination rate decreased 0.6 per 1,000 and down to 9.4 per 1,000 in 2001. Compared to 2000 reports, two fewer regions had a higher rate than the statewide induced termination rate in 2001 (8 regions in 2000 vs. 6 regions in 2001). • The spontaneous termination rate for the state dropped to 1.8 per 1,000 from 2.5 per 1,000. The number of regions with a higher spontaneous termination rate decreased from 9 to 7. Region 14 had the highest rate, and region 20 had the lowest. • The statewide induced termination ratio increased from 145.7 per 1,000 to 149.6 per 1,000. Region 12 had the highest ratio for both years, and region 22 had the lowest ratio. • The statewide spontaneous termination ratio decreased from 39.7 per 1,000 to 29.3 per 1,000. One less region was higher, compared to 2000 data (9 regions in 2000 vs. 8 regions in 2001). In summary, the geographic distribution of the 2001 data showed a pattern similar to that seen in 2000. Generally, the frequency for both induced and spontaneous terminations decreased by month of occurrence, gestational age, marital status, and education level and mother’s age

Development of Preliminary Load and Resistance Factor Design of Drilled Shafts in Iowa, RB03-012, 2014

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) mandated utilizing the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) approach for all new bridges initiated in the United States after October 1, 2007. To achieve part of this goal, a database for Drilled Shaft Foundation Testing (DSHAFT) was developed and reported on by Garder, Ng, Sritharan, and Roling in 2012. DSHAFT is aimed at assimilating high-quality drilled shaft test data from Iowa and the surrounding regions. DSHAFT is currently housed on a project website (http://srg.cce.iastate.edu/dshaft) and contains data for 41 drilled shaft tests. The objective of this research was to utilize the DSHAFT database and develop a regional LRFD procedure for drilled shafts in Iowa with preliminary resistance factors using a probability-based reliability theory. This was done by examining current design and construction practices used by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) as well as recommendations given in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the FHWA drilled shaft guidelines. Various analytical methods were used to estimate side resistance and end bearing of drilled shafts in clay, sand, intermediate geomaterial (IGM), and rock. Since most of the load test results obtained from O-cell do not pass the 1-in. top displacement criterion used by the Iowa DOT and the 5% of shaft diameter for top displacement criterion recommended by AASHTO, three improved procedures are proposed to generate and extend equivalent top load-displacement curves that enable the quantification of measured resistances corresponding to the displacement criteria. Using the estimated and measured resistances, regional resistance factors were calibrated following the AASHTO LRFD framework and adjusted to resolve any anomalies observed among the factors. To illustrate the potential and successful use of drilled shafts in Iowa, the design procedures of drilled shaft foundations were demonstrated and the advantages of drilled shafts over driven piles were addressed in two case studies.

Investigation of Negative Moment Reinforcing in Bridge Decks, TR-660, 2015

Multi-span pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete beam (PPCB) bridges made continuous usually experience a negative live load moment region over the intermediate supports. Conventional thinking dictates that sufficient reinforcement must be provided in this region to satisfy the strength and serviceability requirements associated with the tensile stresses in the deck. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications recommend the negative moment reinforcement (b2 reinforcement) be extended beyond the inflection point. Based upon satisfactory previous performance and judgment, the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of Bridges and Structures (OBS) currently terminates b2 reinforcement at 1/8 of the span length. Although the Iowa DOT policy results in approximately 50% shorter b2 reinforcement than the AASHTO LRFD specifications, the Iowa DOT has not experienced any significant deck cracking over the intermediate supports. The primary objective of this project was to investigate the Iowa DOT OBS policy regarding the required amount of b2 reinforcement to provide the continuity over bridge decks. Other parameters, such as termination length, termination pattern, and effects of the secondary moments, were also studied. Live load tests were carried out on five bridges. The data were used to calibrate three-dimensional finite element models of two bridges. Parametric studies were conducted on the bridges with an uncracked deck, a cracked deck, and a cracked deck with a cracked pier diaphragm for live load and shrinkage load. The general conclusions were as follows: -- The parametric study results show that an increased area of the b2 reinforcement slightly reduces the strain over the pier, whereas an increased length and staggered reinforcement pattern slightly reduce the strains of the deck at 1/8 of the span length. -- Finite element modeling results suggest that the transverse field cracks over the pier and at 1/8 of the span length are mainly due to deck shrinkage. -- Bridges with larger skew angles have lower strains over the intermediate supports. -- Secondary moments affect the behavior in the negative moment region. The impact may be significant enough such that no tensile stresses in the deck may be experienced.