19 resultados para Pharmaceutical market
em Iowa Publications Online (IPO) - State Library, State of Iowa (Iowa), United States
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Farmers Market Manual produced by Iowa Departmment of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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An investigation of financing an inspection policy while allowing the enforcement of a market regulation is described. A simple model shows that the intensity of controls depends on the market structure. Under a given number of firms, the per-firm probability of controls is lower than one, since firms’ incentive to comply with regulation holds under positive profits. In this case, a lump-sum tax is used for limiting distortions coming from financing with a fixed fee. Under free entry, the per-firm probability of controls is equal to one, and only a fixed fee that prevents excess entry is used to finance inspection.
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Evaluating the possible benefits of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops must address the issue of consumer resistance as well as the complex regulation that has ensued. In the European Union (EU) this regulation envisions the “co-existence” of GM food with conventional and quality-enhanced products, mandates the labelling and traceability of GM products, and allows only a stringent adventitious presence of GM content in other products. All these elements are brought together within a partial equilibrium model of the EU agricultural food sector. The model comprises conventional, GM and organic food. Demand is modelled in a novel fashion, whereby organic and conventional products are treated as horizontally differentiated but GM products are vertically differentiated (weakly inferior) relative to conventional ones. Supply accounts explicitly for the land constraint at the sector level and for the need for additional resources to produce organic food. Model calibration and simulation allow insights into the qualitative and quantitative effects of the large-scale introduction of GM products in the EU market. We find that the introduction of GM food reduces overall EU welfare, mostly because of the associated need for costly segregation of non-GM products, but the producers of quality-enhanced products actually benefit.
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This paper discusses the implications of using genetically modified crops to biomanufacture pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds from the perspective of their co-existence with conventional agriculture. Such plant-made pharmaceuticals and plantmade industrial products rely on exciting scientific and technological breakthroughs and promise new opportunities for the agricultural sector, but they also entail novel risks. The management of the externalities and of the possible unintended economic effects that arise in this context is critical and poses difficult questions for regulators.
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
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Newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
