This year purchase a real tree : a traditional Christmas begins with a real tree, 1999

The Iowa Christmas Tree Growers and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship published this brochure which discusses the benefits of using a real Christmas versus an artificial tree.

Summary of FY 2000 Budget and Governor's Recommendations, January 1999

The purpose of this document is to provide the General Assembly with information related to FY General Fund estimated receipts and the Governor’s recommendations. This information provides an overall summary of the State budget and is intended to help the General Assembly take a proactive approach toward the budgeting process.

Summary of FY 1999 Budget and Governor's Recommendations, January 1998

The purpose of this document is to provide the General Assembly with information related to FY General Fund estimated receipts and the Governor’s recommendations. This information provides an overall summary of the State budget and is intended to help the General Assembly take a proactive approach toward the budgeting process.

1998-1999 University of Northern Iowa Annual Financial Report, November 17, 1999

Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For University of Northern Iowa.

1999-2000 University of Northern Iowa Annual Financial Report, November 17, 2000

Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For University of Northern Iowa.

Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture Annual Report, 1998-1999

The Leopold Center was established by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. Its mandated missions are to identify impacts of agricultural practices, contribute to the development of profitable farming systems that conserve natural resources, and cooperate with Iowa State University Extension to inform the public of new findings.Information for this report was compiled by Leopold Center staff with the help of its researchers and educators who are committed to improving Iowa agriculture and the lives of Iowans.

Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture Annual Report, 1999-2000

The Leopold Center was established by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. Its mandated missions are to identify impacts of agricultural practices, contribute to the development of profitable farming systems that conserve natural resources, and cooperate with Iowa State University Extension to inform the public of new findings.Information for this report was compiled by Leopold Center staff with the help of its researchers and educators who are committed to improving Iowa agriculture and the lives of Iowans.

1937 47th GA Inaugural Address by Governor Kraschel, January 10, 1937

This is the Inaugural Address of Governor Krashcel to the 47th General Assembly.

Leopold Letter: A Newsletter of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Spring 1999

The Leopold Center was created by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. The Leopold Center believes contribute to a healthy ways of thinking about markets for Iowa farmers, a better understanding of local ecosystems, public policies and economic practices, and partnerships with consumers.

Leopold Letter: A Newsletter of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Summer 1999

The Leopold Center was created by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. The Leopold Center believes contribute to a healthy ways of thinking about markets for Iowa farmers, a better understanding of local ecosystems, public policies and economic practices, and partnerships with consumers.

Leopold Letter: A Newsletter of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Fall 1999

The Leopold Center was created by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. The Leopold Center believes contribute to a healthy ways of thinking about markets for Iowa farmers, a better understanding of local ecosystems, public policies and economic practices, and partnerships with consumers.

Leopold Letter: A Newsletter of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Winter 1999

The Leopold Center was created by the Iowa Legislature as part of the Iowa Groundwater Protection Act of 1987. The Leopold Center believes contribute to a healthy ways of thinking about markets for Iowa farmers, a better understanding of local ecosystems, public policies and economic practices, and partnerships with consumers.

Deterioration of Iowa Highway Concrete Pavements: A Petrographic Study, HR-1065, 1999

Major highway concrete pavements in Iowa have exhibited premature deterioration attributed to effects of ettringite formation, alkali-silica expansive reactions, and to frost attack, or some combination of them. These pavements were constructed in the mid- 1980s as non-reinforced, dual-lane, roads ranging in thickness between 200 mm and 300 mm, with skewed joints reinforced with dowels. Deterioration was initially recognized with a darkening of joint regions, which occurred for some pavements as soon as four years after construction. Pavement condition ranges from severe damage to none, and there appeared to be no unequivocal materials or processing variables correlated with failure. Based upon visual examinations, petrographic evaluation, and application of materials models, the deterioration of concrete highway pavements in Iowa appear related to a freeze-thaw failure of the coarse aggregate and the mortar. Crack patterns sub-parallel to the concrete surface transecting the mortar fraction and the coarse aggregate are indicative of freeze-thaw damage of both the mortar and aggregate. The entrained air void system was marginal to substandard, and filling of some of the finer-sized voids by ettringite appears to have further degraded the air void system. The formation of secondary ettringite within the entrained air voids probably reflects a relatively high degree of concrete saturation causing the smaller voids to be filled with pore solution when the concrete freezes. Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) affects some quartz and shale in the fine aggregate, but is not considered to be a significant cause of the deterioration. Delayed ettringite formation was not deemed likely as no evidence of a uniform paste expansion was observed. The lack of field-observed expansion is also evidence against the ASR and DEF modes of deterioration. The utilization of fly ash does not appear to have affected the deterioration as all pavements with or without fly ash exhibiting substantial damage also exhibit significant filling of the entrained air void system, and specimens containing fly ash from sound pavements do not have significant filling. The influence of the mixture design, mixing, and placing must be evaluated with respect to development of an adequate entrained air void system, concrete homogeneity, longterm drying shrinkage, and microcracking. A high-sand mix may have contributed to the difficult mixture characteristics noted upon placement and exacerbate concrete heterogeneity problems, difficulty in developing an adequate entrained air void system, poor consolidation potential, and increased drying shrinkage and cracking. Finally, the availability of moisture must also be considered, as the secondary precipitation of ettringite in entrained air voids indicates they were at least partially filled with pore solution at times. Water availability at the base of the slabs, in joints, and cracks may have provided a means for absorbing water to a point of critical saturation.

Heavy Agricultural Loads on Pavements and Bridges, HR-1073, 1999

During the harvest season in Iowa, it is common to have single axle loads on secondary roads and bridges that are excessive (typical examples are grain carts) and well beyond normal load limits. Even though these excessive loads occur only during a short time of the year, they may do significant damage to pavements and bridges. In addition, the safety of some bridges may be compromised because of the excessive loads, and sometimes there may be little indication to the users that damage may be imminent. At this time there are no Iowa laws regulating axle loads allowed for agricultural equipment. This study looks at the potential problems this may cause on secondary roads and timber stringer bridges. Both highway pavement and timber bridges are evaluated in this report. A section (panel) of Iowa PCC paved county road was chosen to study the effects of heavy agricultural loads on pavements. Instrumentation was applied to the panel and a heavily loaded grain cart was rolled across. The collected data were analyzed for any indication of excessive stresses of the concrete. The second study, concerning excessive loads on timber stringer bridges, was conducted in the laboratory. Four bridge sections were constructed and tested. Two of the sections contained five stringers and two sections had three stringers. Timber for the bridges came from a dismantled bridge, and deck panels were cut from new stock. All timber was treated with creosote. A hydraulic load was applied at the deck mid-span using a foot print representing a tire from a typical grain cart. Force was applied until failure of the system resulted. The collected data were evaluated to provide indications of load distribution and for comparison with expected wheel loads for a typical heavily loaded single axle grain cart. Results of the pavement tests showed that the potential of over-stressing the pavement is a possibility. Even though most of the tension stress levels recorded were below the rupture strength of the concrete, there were a few instances where the indicated tension stress level exceeded the concrete rupture strength. Results of the bridge tests showed that when the static ultimate load capacity of the timber stringer bridge sections was reached, there was sudden loss of capacity. Prior to reaching this ultimate capacity, the load sharing between the stringers was very uniform. The failure was characterized by loss of flexural capacity of the stringers. In all tests, the ultimate test load exceeded the wheel load that would be applied by an 875 bushel single axle grain cart.

Instrumentation of Paver Vibrators, MLR-95-10, 1999

Premature deterioration of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements led to investigations for causes of the concrete failures. Evidence of parallel longitudinal cracks in deteriorating pavements, with crack spacings similar to paver vibrator spacings, made it clear that the vibrators were related to the cause for deterioration. After a number of field trips observing paving operations and measuring vibrator frequencies, it soon became clear that the paver vibrators were, in many cases, not running in compliance with the Iowa DOT specification. The specified frequency was from 5000 to 8000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The pavers visited did not have a monitoring system to give a continuous frequency readout for any of it's vibrators. Occasionally, during a paving operation, frequency readings were taken on some vibrators with a hand held tachometer. However, that degree of monitoring was found to be far from providing the quality of information and control necessary to maintain compliance to the Iowa DOT specification. A paver vibrator monitoring system, which would operate continuously while paving and cover all vibrators, was determined to be essential. The output must be visible to the paver operator and inspector at all times.