Implication of the endocannabinoid system in the locomotor hyperactivity associated with congenital hypothyroidism

Alterations in motor functions are well-characterized features observed in humans and experimental animals subjected to thyroid hormone dysfunctions during development. Here we show that congenitally hypothyroid rats display hyperactivity in the adult life. This phenotype was associated with a decreased content of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB(1)) mRNA in the striatum and a reduction in the number of binding sites in both striatum and projection areas. These findings suggest that hyperactivity may be the consequence of a thyroid hormone deficiency-induced removal of the endocannabinoid tone, normally acting as a brake for hyperactivity at the basal ganglia. In agreement with the decrease in CB(1) receptor gene expression, a lower cannabinoid response, measured by biochemical, genetic and behavioral parameters, was observed in the hypothyroid animals. Finally, both CB(1) receptor gene expression and the biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions found in the hypothyroid animals were improved after a thyroid hormone replacement treatment. Thus, the present study suggests that impairment in the endocannabinoid system can underlay the hyperactive phenotype associated with hypothyroidism.

El proyecto EMECAM: Estudio Multicéntrico Español sobre la Relación entre la Contaminación Atmosférica y la Mortalidad. Antecedentes, participantes, objetivos y métodología.

In recent years, a growing number of studies suggests that increases in air pollution levels may have short-term impact on human health, even at pollution levels similar to or lower than those which have been considered to be safe to date. The different methodological approaches and the varying analysis techniques employed have made it difficult to make a direct comparison among all of the findings, preventing any clear conclusions from being drawn. This has led to multicenter projects such as the APHEA (Short-Term Impact of Air Pollution on Health. A European Approach) within a European Scope. The EMECAM Project falls within the context of the aforesaid multicenter studies and has a wide-ranging projection nationwide within Spain. Fourteen (14) cities throughout Spain were included in this Project (Barcelona, Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Seville, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria and Saragossa) representing different sociodemographic, climate and environmental situations, adding up to a total of nearly nine million inhabitants. The objective of the EMECAM project is that to asses the short-term impact of air pollution throughout all of the participating cities on the mortality for all causes, on the population and on individuals over age 70, for respiratory and cardiovascular design causes. For this purpose, with an ecological, the time series data analyzed taking the daily deaths, pollutants, temperature data and other factors taken from records kept by public institutions. The period of time throughout which this study was conducted, although not exactly the same for all of the cities involved, runs in all cases from 1990 to 1996. The degree of relationship measured by means of an autoregressive Poisson regression. In the future, the results of each city will be combined by means of a meta-analysis.

Estrategia de reducción de costes en la artroplastia total de rodilla

Aim: Assess the clinical utility of plain radiography in the first postoperative outpatient visit after total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: 200 patients which underwent a total knee arthroplasty from January to May 2012 were analyzed retrospectively, they had two previous control radiographs at hospital discharge and two more at 4-6 weeks after surgery, which were compared, seeking for radiographics signs that would induce a therapeutic changes in the patient’s clinical course. Results: No radiographics signs were observed in the cases studied in the first postoperative visit one month after the surgery, consequently the patient’s treatment plan had no change. Discussion: Our results support those of other authors who have recognized the benefits of reducing the number of postoperative radiographs, improve the cost effectiveness of outpatients care and avoid an extra damage to the patient’s health. We believe that repeated use of serial radiographs in outpatient is simply a custom that has become law, to calm down the patient, and his surgeon, with no scientific evidence to support it use. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the plain AP and L radiographic projection at the first visit, one month later after a TKA, does not provide any clinic information, adds substantial cost to the heath-care system and unnecessary harms the patient.