The updated Swiss guidelines 2016 for the treatment and follow-up of cutaneous melanoma.

Cutaneous melanoma is the most deadly cutaneous neoplasm. In order to guide treatment decisions and follow-up of melanoma patients, guidelines for the management of melanoma in Switzerland were inaugurated in 2001 and revised in 2006 and 2016. Recent data on surgical and medical treatments from randomised trials necessitated modification of the treatment and follow-up recommendations.

Elevated blood pressure prevalence in children did not follow the increase in overweight: results from a school-based study in a rapidly developing country, 1998-2006

Background: Blood pressure (BP) is strongly associated with body weight and there is concern that the pediatric overweight epidemic could lead to an increase in children's mean BP. Objectives: We analyzed BP trends from 1998 to 2006 among children of the Seychelles, a rapidly developing middle-income country in Africa. Methods: Serial school-based surveys of weight, height and BP were conducted yearly between 1998-2006 among all students of the country in four school grades (kindergarten, 4th, 7th and 10th years of compulsory school). We used the CDC criteria to define "overweight" (BMI _95th sex-, and age-specific percentile) and the NHBPEP criteria for "elevated BP" (BP _95th sex-, age-, and height specific percentile). Methods for height, weight, and BP measurements were identical over the study period. The trends in mean BMI and mean systolic/diastolic BP were assessed with linear regression. Results: 27,703 children aged 4-18 years (participation rate: 79%) contributed 43,927 observations on weight, height, and BP. The prevalence of overweight increased from 5.1% in 1998-2000 to 8.1% in 2004-2006 among boys, and from 6.1% to 9.1% among girls, respectively. The prevalence of elevated BP was 8.4% in 1998-2000 and 6.9% in 2004-2006 among boys; 9.8% and 7.8% among girls, respectively. Over the 9-years study period, age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.078 kg/m2/year in boys and by 0.083 kg/m2/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Age- and height-adjusted systolic BP decreased by -0.37 mmHg/year in boys and by -0.34 mmHg/year in girls (both sexes, P_0.001). Diastolic BP did not change in boys (-0.02 mmHg/year, P: 0.40) and slightly increased in girls (0.07 mmHg/year, P: 0.003). These trend estimates were altered modestly upon further adjustment for BMI or if analyses were based on median rather than mean values. Conclusion: Although body weight increased markedly between 1998 and 2006 in this population, systolic BP decreased and diastolic BP changed only marginally. This suggests that population increases in body weight are not necessarily associated with corresponding rises in BP in children.

EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or Devic's disease is a rare inflammatory and demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by recurrent attacks of optic neuritis (ON) and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), which is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS). The guidelines are designed to provide guidance for best clinical practice based on the current state of clinical and scientific knowledge. SEARCH STRATEGY: Evidence for this guideline was collected by searches for original articles, case reports and meta-analyses in the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases. In addition, clinical practice guidelines of professional neurological and rheumatological organizations were studied. RESULTS: Different diagnostic criteria for NMO diagnosis [Wingerchuk et al. Revised NMO criteria, 2006 and Miller et al. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) task force criteria, 2008] and features potentially indicative of NMO facilitate the diagnosis. In addition, guidance for the work-up and diagnosis of spatially limited NMO spectrum disorders is provided by the task force. Due to lack of studies fulfilling requirement for the highest levels of evidence, the task force suggests concepts for treatment of acute exacerbations and attack prevention based on expert opinion. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on diagnosis and management of NMO fulfilling requirements for the highest levels of evidence (class I-III rating) are limited, and diagnostic and therapeutic concepts based on expert opinion and consensus of the task force members were assembled for this guideline.

Changes in Running Mechanics and Spring-Mass Behaviour during a 5-km Time Trial

Research into the biomechanical manifestation of fatigue during exhaustive runs is increasingly popular but additional understanding of the adaptation of the spring-mass behaviour during the course of strenuous, self-paced exercises continues to be a challenge in order to develop optimized training and injury prevention programs. This study investigated continuous changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behaviour during a 5-km run. 12 competitive triathletes performed a 5-km running time trial (mean performance: 17 min 30 s) on a 200 m indoor track. Vertical and anterior-posterior ground reaction forces were measured every 200 m by a 5-m long force platform system, and used to determine spring-mass model characteristics. After a fast start, running velocity progressively decreased (- 11.6%; P<0.001) in the middle part of the race before an end spurt in the final 400-600 m. Stride length (- 7.4%; P<0.001) and frequency (- 4.1%; P=0.001) decreased over the 25 laps, while contact time (+ 8.9%; P<0.001) and total stride duration (+ 4.1%; P<0.001) progressively lengthened. Peak vertical forces (- 2.0%; P<0.01) and leg compression (- 4.3%; P<0.05), but not centre of mass vertical displacement (+ 3.2%; P>0.05), decreased with time. As a result, vertical stiffness decreased (- 6.0%; P<0.001) during the run, whereas leg stiffness changes were not significant (+ 1.3%; P>0.05). Spring-mass behaviour progressively changes during a 5-km time trial towards deteriorated vertical stiffness, which alters impact and force production characteristics.

Delinquency in male adolescents: the role of alexithymia and family structure

The purpose of this study was to examine the linkages between alexithymia and delinquency in male adolescents (age ranging from 14 to 18 years), and to investigate whether alexithymia was a good discriminatory factor for juvenile delinquency. Thirty-six offender adolescents and 46 non-offender control adolescents participated in the study and completed the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) (alexithymia), the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS) (anxiety), the Liste d'Adjectifs Bipolaires et en Echelles de Likert (LABEL) (personality-Big Five) and demographic data. Findings revealed that the adolescents of the offender group scored high on alexithymia and that proportion of disrupted family structure in the offender group is higher than in the control group. Logistic regressions confirmed that alexithymia and family structure are the strongest discriminatory factors for juvenile delinquency. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided

"Etude rétrospective des cas de vasculite cutanée identifiés au laboratoire de dermopathologie du CHUV de 2006 à 2010"

CONTEXTE Les vasculites représentent un groupe de maladies inflammatoires touchant tous les vaisseaux, des grosses artères aux artères de plus petit calibre, en passant par les capillaires et les veines, de toutes tailles également. La taille des vaisseaux atteints est d'une importance cruciale pour le diagnostic puisque la classification actuelle en dépend. Sur le plan histopathologique, la vasculite est une réaction inflammatoire qui atteint la paroi de vaisseaux, et qui va entraîner alors une ischémie, puis une nécrose du vaisseau lui-­‐ même voire des structures environnantes ; les caractéristiques microscopiques de ces lésions permettent souvent d'aider à préciser le groupe auquel appartient la vasculite. Cependant, il n'est pas toujours facile ni possible d'obtenir un échantillon de tissu, une biopsie, selon l'endroit concerné (cerveau, régions profondes et difficilement accessibles...). OBJECTIFS Dans les atteintes de type « vasculite », la peau est fréquemment un organe cible. Le grand avantage est son accès direct et aisé, notamment dans le but de pratiquer un examen histopathologique par le biais d'une biopsie, qui peut se pratiquer de manière superficielle ou profonde, révélant alors des vaisseaux de différents calibres. Face à un tableau clinique parfois complexe et menaçant, il est important de pouvoir orienter le diagnostic rapidement. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de déterminer quelles sont l'utilité et l'apport de la biopsie cutanée dans le diagnostic des vasculites, et autrement dit de déterminer s'il vaut la peine de pratiquer ce genre d'examen, ou s'il vaut mieux privilégier d'autres approches plus rentables sur ce plan-­‐là. METHODES Grâce à l'aide des dermatologues et à la base de données du Service de dermatopathologie du CHUV, nous nous proposons de faire une étude rétrospective et systématique, sur les 5 années passées, de toutes les biopsies cutanées compatibles avec le diagnostic de vasculite. RESULTATS ESCOMPTES Ils sont de deux ordres : déterminer d'une part si le résultat de la biopsie était compatible avec le diagnostic clinique retenu chez les patients ayant subi ce type d'examen. Cela nous permettra alors d'établir des recommandations pour la réalisation éventuelle d'une biopsie cutanée dans ce type de situation. Il sera en effet capital de savoir si ce geste est utile et, le cas échéant, s'il faut demander une biopsie profonde ou si une biopsie superficielle est suffisante. Ce travail nous permettra d'autre part de revoir les caractéristiques cutanées -­‐ sur le plan histopathologique -­‐ des vasculites, et de déterminer aussi leur fréquence. Dans l'idéal, ce travail devrait permettre de faire la revue et la mise à jour des connaissances dans le domaine des vasculites cutanées, utiles aux praticiens notamment.