Guayule and Russian dandelion as alternative sources of natural rubber.

Natural rubber, obtained almost exclusively from the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is a unique biopolymer of strategic importance that, in many of its most significant applications, cannot be replaced by synthetic rubber alternatives. Several pressing motives lead to the search for alternative sources of natural rubber. These include increased evidence of allergenic reactions to Hevea rubber, the danger that the fungal pathogen Microcyclus ulei, causative agent of South American Leaf Blight (SALB), might spread to Southeast Asia, which would severely disrupt rubber production, potential shortages of supply due to increasing demand and changes in land use, and a general trend towards the replacement of petroleum-derived chemicals with renewables. Two plant species have received considerable attention as potential alternative sources of natural rubber: the Mexican shrub Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) and the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz). This review will summarize the current production methods and applications of natural rubber (dry rubber and latex), the threats to the production of natural rubber from the rubber tree, and describe the current knowledge of the production of natural rubber from guayule and Russian dandelion.

Establishment of new crops for the production of natural rubber.

Natural rubber is a unique biopolymer of strategic importance that, in many of its most significant applications, cannot be replaced by synthetic alternatives. The rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is the almost exclusive commercial source of natural rubber currently and alternative crops should be developed for several reasons, including: a disease risk to the rubber tree that could potentially decimate current production, a predicted shortage of natural rubber supply, increasing allergic reactions to rubber obtained from the Brazilian rubber tree and a general shift towards renewables. This review summarizes our knowledge of plants that can serve as alternative sources of natural rubber, of rubber biosynthesis and the scientific gaps that must be filled to bring the alternative crops into production.

La mortalité par tumeur maligne chez les ouvriers d'une fabrique de caoutchouc en Suisse: étude épidémiologique, 1955-1975. [Cancer mortality among the workers of a Swiss rubber goods factory. Epidemiological study, 1955-75].

In an epidemiologic investigation of mortality among workers in a Swiss rubber-goods factory the cancer mortality in the period 1955-1975 has been studied in all male workers active on 1 January 1955 in (a) a rubber-goods factory and (b) a munitions factory, the latter as reference population. The two groups numbered some 1000 each. Both factories were located in the same Central Swiss village where no other industry was present. Mortality in each industry is compared with that in the Swiss population in general (SMR) and the mortalities of the two industries are compared with each other. The results tend to confirm that rubber workers are exposed to a higher risk of cancer mortality. Three particular types of cancer are briefly discussed: cancer of the stomach, of the lower urinary tract, and glioblastoma.

ATP citrate lyase activity is post-translationally regulated by sink strength and impacts the wax, cutin and rubber biosynthetic pathways.

Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is involved in the synthesis of a variety of compounds, including waxes, sterols and rubber, and is generated by the ATP citrate lyase (ACL). Plants over-expressing ACL were generated in an effort to understand the contribution of ACL activity to the carbon flux of acetyl-CoA to metabolic pathways occurring in the cytosol. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants synthesizing the polyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from cytosolic acetyl-CoA have reduced growth and wax content, consistent with a reduction in the availability of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to endogenous pathways. Increasing the ACL activity via the over-expression of the ACLA and ACLB subunits reversed the phenotypes associated with PHB synthesis while maintaining polymer synthesis. PHB production by itself was associated with an increase in ACL activity that occurred in the absence of changes in steady-state mRNA or protein level, indicating a post-translational regulation of ACL activity in response to sink strength. Over-expression of ACL in Arabidopsis was associated with a 30% increase in wax on stems, while over-expression of a chimeric homomeric ACL in the laticifer of roots of dandelion led to a four- and two-fold increase in rubber and triterpene content, respectively. Synthesis of PHB and over-expression of ACL also changed the amount of the cutin monomer octadecadien-1,18-dioic acid, revealing an unsuspected link between cytosolic acetyl-CoA and cutin biosynthesis. Together, these results reveal the complexity of ACL regulation and its central role in influencing the carbon flux to metabolic pathways using cytosolic acetyl-CoA, including wax and polyisoprenoids.

Investigation phytochimique d'une plante médicinale malgache Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. (Acanthaceae) variété glabre et étude comparative avec la variété poilue

Résumé A Madagascar, comme dans plusieurs pays en développement, une grande partie de la population utilise les plantes pour se soigner. Plusieurs espèces des plantes sont ainsi utilisées en médecine traditionnelle malgache. Par ailleurs, la plupart de ces plantes ne font l'objet que de très peu d'étude scientifique. En effet, dans le cadre de l'investigation phytochimique de plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle malgache et dans la recherche des nouvelles substances biologiquement actives, Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. (Acanthaceae) a été étudiée. Elle se présente sous deux variétés (glabre et poilue) qui sont tous utilisées dans la région sud-centre de Madagascar pour traiter la blennorragie. De l'extrait dichlorométhanique des feuilles de H. serpens (Vahl) R. Br. variété glabre, 12 diterpénoides dont 8 nouveaux ont été isolés. Ils ont tous montré une activité antifongique contre un champignon pathogène des plantes, Cladosporium cucumerinum, dans la bioautographie directe sur CCM. Quelques-uns ont également présenté une activité contre une levure saprophyte chez l'homme, Candida albicans et une activité inhibitrice de l'enzyme acétylcholinesterase. Les diterpènoïdes sont déjà considérés comme les principaux métabolites secondaires du genre Hypoestes. Le fractionnement de l'extrait méthanolique a conduit à l'isolement de 5 glycosides des flavonoïdes dont 4 sous formes C-g,lycosides qui n'ont jamais été identifiés dans la famille Acanthaceae. Ces flavonoïdes ont présenté une activité antiradicalaire contre le DPPH. Le fractionnement et la purification des extraits ont été effectués à l'aide des différentes techniques chromatographiques telles que la chromatographie sur colonne ouverte, la filtration sur gel, la chromatographie liquide à haute pression, la chromatographie liquide à moyenne pression et la chromatographie liquide à basse pression. Par ailleurs, les structures des composés isolés ont été élucidées par des techniques spectroscopiques (UV, MS, RMN) et de méthode chimique (hydrolyse acide). En plus de ces techniques, certaines méthodes physiques (cristallographie par rayons-X, mesure de rotation optique) ont été réalisées pour confirmer certaines structures. Comme l'espèce Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. se présente en deux variétés, une étude comparative a été effectuée. Cette étude avait montré que ces deux variétés ont une activité biologique similaire. Finalement, une technique analytique couplée, HPLC-UV-APC1-MS a permis de montrer la présence de toutes les substances isolées de la variété glabre dans la variété poilue. Second résumé Depuis des milliers d'almées, l'homme utilise les plantes pour se soigner. De nos jours, même avec le développement de la médecine moderne, la phytothérapie reste toujours la forme des soins de santé abordable et accessible pour la majorité des populations rurales des pays en développement. En outre, les plantes médicinales constituent une source potentielle de molécules biologiquement actives pour les industries pharmaceutiques et actuellement, on estime que 25% des médicaments commercialisés dans le monde sont à base de plantes Dans le cadre de la recherche des nouvelles molécules à intérêt thérapeutique qui pourraient devenir un médicament ou un modèle de structure ("lead compound") pour le développement de nouveaux médicaments, nous avons fait une étude sur l'espèce, Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br, plante utilisée en médecine traditionnelle malgache. Cette espèce existe en deux variétés, une glabre et une autre poilue qui sont tous utilisées dans la région sud-centre de Madagascar pour traiter la blennorragie. Par ailleurs, les tradipraticiens utilisent de préférence la variété poilue. Dans la première partie de ce présent travail, une investigation phytochimique de H serpens, variété glabre (variété moins utilisée) a d'abord été effectuée afm d'isoler et d'identifier le maximum des molécules biologiquement actives qu'elle contient. De ce fait, 17 composés dont 8 nouveaux ont été isolés. Les potentiels d'activités thérapeutiques des substances isolées ont ensuite été dépistés sur les différents cibles suivants.: deux souches de champignons (Cladosporium cucumerinum et Candida albicans), l'enzyme acétylcholinesterase et le radical DPPH. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été consacrée sur l'étude comparative des deux variétés (glabre et poilue) de H. serpens à la fois sur le plan biologique et sur le plan phytochimique. A l'issue de cette comparaison, nous avons constaté que l'utilisation de ces deux variétés en médecine traditionnelle malgache n'est pas un hasard ; les deux variétés avaient présenté une activité biologique très remarquable et contiennent les mêmes substances actives. Ces résultats démontrent les potentiels thérapeutiques de H serpens en médecine traditionnelle malgache et pourraient également encourager les tradipraticiens à utiliser la variété glabre tout en protégeant la variété poilue qui est en voie de disparition actuellement. En bref, l'investigation phytochimique de H. serpens justifiée par l'isolement et l'identification de certains de ses principes actifs ouvre la voie aux recherches des médicaments d'origine naturelle. Abstract In Madagascar, as in many developing countries, most people use plants to cure. A large number of plant species are employed in Malagasy traditional medicine. Moreover, most of these plants have been subject only very little scientific study. As part of a phytochemical investigation of plants used in Malagasy traditional medicine and in the search for new biologically active substances, Hypoestes serpens (Vah1) R.Br. (Acanthaceae) was investigated. This species exists in two varieties (glabrous and hairy) which are used in the south-center part of Madagascar to treat gonorrhoea. From the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of H. serpens (Vah1) R. Br. glabrous variety, 12 diterpenoids 8 of which were new, were isolated. They showed antifungal activity against the plant pathogen Cladosporium cucumerinum, in the direct TLC bioautography. Some of them also had activity against the yeast Candida athicans and inhibited acetylcholinesterase. The diterpenes are considered as the principal secondary metabolites of the genus Hypoestes. Fractionation of the methanol extract led to the isolation of 5 flavonoid glycosides, 4 of which were C-glycosides, never before identified in the Acanthaceae family. These flavonoids showed radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The fractionation and the purification of the extracts were achieved by different chromatographic techniques such as open-column chromatography, gel filtration, high- pressure liquid chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography and low-pressure liquid chromatography. Moreover, the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (UV, MS, NMR) and chemical technique (acid hydrolysis). In addition, some physical methods (X-ray crystallography, measurement of optical rotation) were performed to confirm some structures. As the species Hypoestes serpens (Vah1) R. Br. is present in two varieties, a comparative study was carried out. This study showed that these two varieties had similar biological activity. Finally, a coupled analytical technique HPLC-UV-APCI-MS showed the presence of the same compounds in both the glabrous and hairy varieties.

Ground-state order and spin-lattice coupling in tetrahedral spin systems Cu2Te2O5X2 (X = Br or Cl)

High-resolution ac susceptibility and thermal conductivity measurement on Cu2Te2O5X2 (X=Br,Cl) single crystals are reported. For Br-sample, sample dependence prevents one from distinguishing between possibilities of magnetically ordered and spin-singlet ground states. In Cl-sample a three-dimensional transition at 18.5 K is accompanied by almost isotropic behavior of susceptibility and almost switching behavior of thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity studies suggest the presence of a tremendous spin-lattice coupling characterizing Cl- but not Br-sample. Below the transition Cl-sample is in a complex magnetic state involving AF order but also the elements consistent with the presence of a gap in the excitation spectrum.

Comparison of three separate antiadhesive barriers for intraperitoneal onlay mesh hernia repair in an experimental model (Br J Surg 2011; 98: 442-449).

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Effect of water velocity on the uptake of polychlorinatedd biphenyls (PCBs) by silicone rubber (SR) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers: an assessment of the efficiency of performance reference compounds (PRCs) in river-like flow conditions

One aim of this study is to determine the impact of water velocity on the uptake of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (iPCBs) by silicone rubber (SR) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers. A second aim is to assess the efficiency of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to correct for the impact of water velocity. SR and LDPE samplers were spiked with 11 or 12 PRCs and exposed for 6 weeks to four different velocities (in the range of 1.6 to 37.7 cm s−1) in river-like flow conditions using a channel system supplied with river water. A relationship between velocity and the uptakewas found for each iPCB and enables to determine expected changes in the uptake due to velocity variations. For both samplers, velocity increases from 2 to 10 cm s−1, 30 cm s−1 (interpolated data) and 100 cm s−1 (extrapolated data) lead to increases of the uptake which do not exceed a factor of 2, 3 and 4.5, respectively. Results also showed that the influence of velocity decreased with increasing the octanol-water coefficient partition (log Kow) of iPCBs when SR is used whereas the opposite effect was observed for LDPE. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of iPCBs in water were calculated from iPCB uptake and PRC release. These calculations were performed using either a single PRC or all the PRCs. The efficiency of PRCs to correct the impact of velocity was assessed by comparing the TWA concentrations obtained at the four tested velocities. For SR, a good agreement was found among the four TWA concentrations with both methods (average RSD b 10%). Also for LDPE, PRCs offered a good correction of the impact of water velocity (average RSD of about 10 to 20%). These results contribute to the process of acceptance of passive sampling in routine regulatory monitoring programs.