Nedd4-2-dependent ubiquitylation and regulation of the cardiac potassium channel hERG1.

The voltage-gated cardiac potassium channel hERG1 (human ether-à-gogo-related gene 1) plays a key role in the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential (AP). Mutations in its gene, KCNH2, can lead to defects in the biosynthesis and maturation of the channel, resulting in congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). To identify the molecular mechanisms regulating the density of hERG1 channels at the plasma membrane, we investigated channel ubiquitylation by ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2, a post-translational regulatory mechanism previously linked to other ion channels. We found that whole-cell hERG1 currents recorded in HEK293 cells were decreased upon neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2) co-expression. The amount of hERG1 channels in total HEK293 lysates and at the cell surface, as assessed by Western blot and biotinylation assays, respectively, were concomitantly decreased. Nedd4-2 and hERG1 interact via a PY motif located in the C-terminus of hERG1. Finally, we determined that Nedd4-2 mediates ubiquitylation of hERG1 and that deletion of this motif affects Nedd4-2-dependent regulation. These results suggest that ubiquitylation of the hERG1 protein by Nedd4-2, and its subsequent down-regulation, could represent an important mechanism for modulation of the duration of the human cardiac action potential.

Coevolution of restriction factors and retroviruses

Les virus exploitent la machinerie cellulaire de l'hôte pour se répliquer. Ils doivent s'adapter pour infecter la cellule hôte de manière optimale tout en échappant à la vigilance du système de défense de l'hôte. Ainsi l'hôte et les virus se livrent à de constantes batailles évolutives. Mon travail de thèse a porté sur l'étude des signatures évolutives de facteurs de l'hôte agissant comme des 'facteurs de restriction' en bloquant la réplication rétrovirale chez les primates. Plus spécifiquement, mon travail a visé à utiliser des données évolutives pour renseigner les analyses fonctionnelles et la biologie. Nous avons étudié le facteur anti-VIH-1 nommé TRIM5a (i) chez les prosimiens pour mieux comprendre son rôle dans le contrôle d'un lentivirus endogène, (ii) dans son activité contre d'autres anciennes infections représentées par des rétrovirus endogènes humains et (iii) en tant que protéine capable de générer des mutants de la capside. Premièrement nous nous sommes intéressés à TRIM5a chez deux espèces de lémuriens dont Microcebus murinus qui porte le lentivirus endogène PSIV dans son génome depuis plusieurs millions d'années,. Nous avons observé que TRIM5a chez M. murinus a un spectre d'activité antivirale réduit à l'opposé de TRIM5a chez le Lemur catta - non porteur du PSIV endogène - qui bloque une large variété de rétrovirus dont le PSIV. De ce fait TRIM5a aurait pu contribuer à protéger certaines espèces de lémuriens vis-à-vis d'anciennes infections par le PSIV. A l'inverse du PSIV, des virus dérivés des rétrovirus endogènes humains HERV-K and HERV-H se sont révélés largement résistants à l'inhibition par TRIM5a. Ces données illustrent une absence de protection par TRIM5a face à d'autres anciennes infections rétrovirales. Puis, pour évaluer l'impact de la protéine TRIM5a humaine sur le VIH-1, nous avons testé l'effet de mutations des résidues sous sélection positive dans la capside du VIH-1 sur l'inhibition par TRIM5a. Nos résultats montrent que TRIM5a ne jouerait pas un rôle significatif dans l'évolution de la capside du VIH-1. Enfin notre travail a porté sur le facteur anti-VIH-1 SAMHD1 récemment découvert, que nous avons séquencé chez 25 espèces de primates. L'analyse évolutive des sites sous sélection positive et des expériences fonctionnelles ont permis d'identifier le domaine de SAMHD1 interagissant avec la protéine lentivirale Vpx. De même que d'autres protéines virales contrecarrent les facteurs de restriction en les menant à la dégradation, nous avons observé que Vpx induit la dégradation de SAMHD1 de manière spécifique à l'espèce. Ces découvertes contribuent à comprendre comment les facteurs de restriction et les virus co-évoluent pour se neutraliser l'un l'autre. - Viruses hijack the host cellular machinery to replicate. They adapt to infect optimally host cells while escaping host defense systems. Viruses and the host coevolve in an evolutionary struggle. My thesis work has been devoted to study the evolutionary signatures of host factors acting as restriction factors that block retroviral replication in primates. Specifically, my work aimed at using evolutionary data to inform functional analyses and biology. We studied the anti-HIV-1 factor TRIM5a (i) in prosimians to better understand its possible role in the control of an endogenous lentivirus, (ii) in its activity against other ancient infections - as represented by HERVs, and (iii) as a protein capable of generating escape mutants in the viral capsid. First, my work focused on two lemur species, one of which was the gray mouse lemur that carries the endogenous lentivirus PSIV integrated in its genome for several million years. TRIM5a from gray mouse lemur exhibited a limited antiviral spectrum as opposed to TRIM5a from ring-tailed lemur - not a host of PSIV - that is able to block diverse retroviruses notably PSIV. These results support the possible contribution of TRIM5a in protecting lemur species from ancient infection by PSIV. In contrast, chimeric viruses derived from two human endogenous retroviruses were broadly resistant to TRIM5a-mediated restriction, suggesting TRIM5a lack of activity against other types of ancient infections. To evaluate the recent impact of human TRIM5a on HIV-1 evolution, we tested whether variants at positively selected sites in the HIV-1 capsid affected the ability of human TRIM5a alleles to restrict HIV-1. Our results indicate that TRIM5a does not play a significant role in the evolution of HIV1 capsid. At last, our work concentrated on the newly discovered anti-HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1. We determined its coding sequence in a panel of 25 species of primates. Evolutionary analyses of positively selected sites in SAMHD1 domains and functional assays identified the domain of SAMHD1 interacting with the lentiviral protein Vpx. Similar to other viral countermeasures targeting cellular restriction factors, Vpx was responsible of the degradation of SAMHD1 orthologs in a species-specific manner. These findings contributed to understanding how restriction factors and viruses evolve to counteract each other.

Identification of an expanded population of activated CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells expressing CD45RO and IL-7R in kidney transplant recipients

Recent studies have shown that CD4+ CD25+ T cells belong to two functionally different T lymphocytes, i.e. regulatory T cells (Treg) or activated T cells (Tact), which can be distinguished based on the expression of CD45RO and IL-7R: Treg (FoxP3+) are CD45RO+ IL-7R- , whereas Tact (FoxP3- ) are CD45RO+ IL- 7R+. In order to determine if a CD4+ CD25+ CD45RO+ IL-7R+ activated T cell population might be identified in kidney transplant recipients, we studied 27 healthy subjects (HS) and 23 kidney recipients, of whom 17 had stable graft function under standard immunosuppression (IS), 5 had biopsy-proven chronic humoral rejection (CHR), and one was a stable "tolerant" patient who had discontinued IS for more than 2 years. Phenotypical analysis by flow cytometry and functional assays by MLR were performed. Overall, the Tact population was found to be significantly increased in 87% of the transplant recipients (mean: 18.8±10.1% of CD4+ CD25+ T cells) compared to HS (mean: 4.5±2.0%; P<0.0001). In the 5 patients with CHR, this Tact population was highly expanded (31.3±9.3%; P<0.0001), whereas it was comparable to HS in the "tolerant" recipient (4.7%). Intermediate levels (16.0±6.9%; P<0.0001) were found in the 17 stable recipients. In CHR, the proliferative capacity of the Tact population was found to be 5-fold higher when stimulated by irradiated donor PBMC as compared to a stimulation by irradiated 3rd party PBMC. After kidney transplantation, an expanded circulating CD4+ CD25+ T cell population characterized by the expression of CD45RO and IL-7R was found in most recipients, particularly in those with CHR. In a patient with long-term operational tolerance, this Tact population was similar to HS. Measuring circulating Tact may become a useful monitoring tool after transplantation.

Methods for detection and confirmation of Hematide?/peginesatide in anti-doping samples.

Since the 1990's, cheating athletes have abused substances to increase their oxygen transport capabilities; among these substances, recombinant EPO is the most well known. Currently, other investigational pharmaceutical products are able to produce an effect similar to EPO but without having chemical structures related to EPO; these are the synthetic erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). Peginesatide (also known as Hematide?) is being developed by Affymax and Takeda and, if approved by regulatory authorities, could soon be released on the international market. To detect potential athletic abuse of this product and deter athletes who consider cheating, we initiated a collaboration to implement a detection test for anti-doping purposes. Peginesatide is a synthetic, PEGylated, investigational, peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that is designed and engineered to stimulate specifically the erythropoietin receptor dimer that governs erythropoiesis. It is undetectable using current anti-doping tests due to its lack of sequence homology to EPO. To detect and deter potential abuse of peginesatide, we initiated an industry/antidoping laboratory collaboration to develop and validate screening and confirmation assays so that they would be available before peginesatide reaches the market. We describe a screening ELISA and a confirmation assay consisting of immune-purification followed by separation with SDS-PAGE and revelation with Western double blotting. Both assays can detect 0.5 ng/mL concentrations of peginesatide in blood samples, enabling detection for several days after administration of a physiologically relevant dose. This initial report describes experimental characterization of these assays, including testing with a blinded set of samples from a clinical study conducted in healthy volunteers.

Integrative analysis of RUNX1 downstream pathways and target genes.

BACKGROUND: The RUNX1 transcription factor gene is frequently mutated in sporadic myeloid and lymphoid leukemia through translocation, point mutation or amplification. It is also responsible for a familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD-AML). The disruption of the largely unknown biological pathways controlled by RUNX1 is likely to be responsible for the development of leukemia. We have used multiple microarray platforms and bioinformatic techniques to help identify these biological pathways to aid in the understanding of why RUNX1 mutations lead to leukemia. RESULTS: Here we report genes regulated either directly or indirectly by RUNX1 based on the study of gene expression profiles generated from 3 different human and mouse platforms. The platforms used were global gene expression profiling of: 1) cell lines with RUNX1 mutations from FPD-AML patients, 2) over-expression of RUNX1 and CBFbeta, and 3) Runx1 knockout mouse embryos using either cDNA or Affymetrix microarrays. We observe that our datasets (lists of differentially expressed genes) significantly correlate with published microarray data from sporadic AML patients with mutations in either RUNX1 or its cofactor, CBFbeta. A number of biological processes were identified among the differentially expressed genes and functional assays suggest that heterozygous RUNX1 point mutations in patients with FPD-AML impair cell proliferation, microtubule dynamics and possibly genetic stability. In addition, analysis of the regulatory regions of the differentially expressed genes has for the first time systematically identified numerous potential novel RUNX1 target genes. CONCLUSION: This work is the first large-scale study attempting to identify the genetic networks regulated by RUNX1, a master regulator in the development of the hematopoietic system and leukemia. The biological pathways and target genes controlled by RUNX1 will have considerable importance in disease progression in both familial and sporadic leukemia as well as therapeutic implications

Lymph node stromal cells in homeostasis and immune response

Summary : Antigen-specific T lymphocytes constantly patrol the body to search for invading pathogens. Given the large external and internal body surfaces that need to be surveyed, a sophisticated strategy is necessary to facilitate encounters between T cells and pathogens. Dendritic cells present at all body surfaces are specialized in capturing pathogens and bringing them to T zones of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes and the spleen. Here, dendritic cells present antigenic fragments and activate the rare antigen-specific T lymphocytes. This induction of an immune response is facilitated in multiple ways by a dense network of poorly characterized stromal cells, termed fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). They constitutively produce the chemokines CCL21 and CCL19, which attract naïve T cells and dendritic cells into the T zone. Further, they provide an adhesion scaffold for dendritic cells and a migration scaffold for naïve T cells, allowing efficient screening of dendritic cell by thousands of T cells. FRCs also form a system of microchannels (conduits) that allows rapid transport of antigen or cytokines from the subcapsular sinus to the T zone. We characterized lymph node FRCS by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, real time PCR and functional assays and could show that FRCs are a unique type of myofibroblasts which produce the T cell survival factor IL-7. This function was shown to be critically involved in regulating the size of the peripheral T cell pool and further demonstrates the importance of FRCs in maintaining immunocompetence. As we observed that some dendritic cells also express the receptor for IL-7, we expected a similar function of IL-7 in their survival. Surprisingly, we found no role for IL-7 in their survival but in their development. Analysis of hematopoietic precursors suggested that part of the dendritic cell pool develops out of an IL-7 dependent precursor, which maybe shared with lymphocytes. During the induction of an immune response, lymph node homeostasis is drastically altered when the lymph node expands several-fold in size to accommodate many more lymphocytes. Here, we describe that this expansion of the T zone is accompanied by the activation and proliferation of FRCs thereby preserving T zone architecture and function. This expansion of the FRC network is regulated by antigen-independent and -dependent events. It demonstrates the incredible plasticity of this organ allowing clonal expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Résumé : Les lymphocytes T, spécifiques pour un antigène particulier, patrouillent constamment le corps à la recherche de l'invasion de pathogène. A cause des grandes surfaces externes et internes du corps, une stratégie sophistiquée est nécessaire afin de faciliter les rencontres entre les cellules T et les agents pathogènes. Les cellules dendritiques présentes dans toutes les surfaces du corps sont spécialisées dans la capture des agents pathogènes et dans le transport vers les zones T des organes lymphoïdes secondaires, comme les ganglions lymphatiques et la rate. Dans ces organes, les cellules dendritiques présentent les fragments antigéniques et activent les lymphocytes T rares. L'induction de cette réponse immunitaire est facilitée de différentes manières par un réseau dense de cellules strornales mal caractérisé, appelées 'fibroblastic reticular tells' (FRCs). FRCs produisent constitutivement les chimiokines CCL21 et CCL19, qui attirent les lymphocytes T naïfs et les cellules dendritiques vers la zone T. En outre, elles donnent une base d'adhérence pour les cellules dendritiques et elles attirent les cellules T naïves vers les cellules dendritiques. Les FRCs forment des petits canaux (ou conduits) qui permettent le transport rapide d'antigènes solubles ou de cytokines vers la zone T. Nous avons caractérisé les FRCs par cytométrie en flux, immunofluorescence et par PCR en temps réel et nous avons démontré que les FRCs sont un type unique de rnyofibroblastes qui produisent un facteur de survie des cellules T, l'Interleukine-7. Il a été démontré que cette fonction est cruciale afin d'augmenter la taille et la diversité du répertoire de cellules T, et ainsi, maintenir l'immunocompétence. Comme nous avons observé que certaines cellules dendritiques expriment également le récepteur de l'IL-7, nous avons testé une fonction similaire dans leur survie. Étonnamment, nous n'avons pas trouvé de rôle pour l'IL-7 dans leur survie, mais dans leur développement. L'analyse des précurseurs hématopoïétiques a suggéré qu'une fraction des cellules dendritiques se développe à partir des précurseurs dépendants de l'IL-7, qui sont probablement partagés avec les lymphocytes. Au cours de l'induction d'une réponse immunitaire, l'homéostasie du ganglion lymphatique est considérablement modifiée. En effet, sa taille augmente considérablement afin d'accueillir un plus grand nombre de lymphocytes. Nous décrivons ici que cet élargissement de la zone T est accompagné par l'activation et 1a prolifération des FRCs, préservant l'architecture et la fonction de la zone T. Cette expansion du réseau des FRCs est régie par des évènements à la fois dépendants et indépendants de l'antigène. Cela montre l'incroyable plasticité de cet organe qui permet l'expansion clonale des lymphocytes T spécifiques.

Generation and characterization of function-blocking anti-ectodysplasin A (EDA) monoclonal antibodies that induce ectodermal dysplasia.

Development of ectodermal appendages, such as hair, teeth, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands, requires the action of the TNF family ligand ectodysplasin A (EDA). Mutations of the X-linked EDA gene cause reduction or absence of many ectodermal appendages and have been identified as a cause of ectodermal dysplasia in humans, mice, dogs, and cattle. We have generated blocking antibodies, raised in Eda-deficient mice, against the conserved, receptor-binding domain of EDA. These antibodies recognize epitopes overlapping the receptor-binding site and prevent EDA from binding and activating EDAR at close to stoichiometric ratios in in vitro binding and activity assays. The antibodies block EDA1 and EDA2 of both mammalian and avian origin and, in vivo, suppress the ability of recombinant Fc-EDA1 to rescue ectodermal dysplasia in Eda-deficient Tabby mice. Moreover, administration of EDA blocking antibodies to pregnant wild type mice induced in developing wild type fetuses a marked and permanent ectodermal dysplasia. These function-blocking anti-EDA antibodies with wide cross-species reactivity will enable study of the developmental and postdevelopmental roles of EDA in a variety of organisms and open the route to therapeutic intervention in conditions in which EDA may be implicated.

La dénervation rénale unilatérale et le système kallikréine-bradykinine rénal chez le rat [Unilateral renal denervation and the renal kallikrein-bradykinin system in the rat].

AIM: The antihypertensive effect of renal denervation in hypertensive patients is partially explained by increased tubular natriuresis. To study the possible contribution of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) to this natriuretic effect in rats, we measured kallikrein activity (KA) and bradykinin concentrations (BK) in plasma and tissues. METHODS: To measure KA, we adapted and validated an enzymatic assay that cleaves para-nitroaniline (pNA) from the tripeptide H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA. The coefficients of variation (CV) within- and between-assays were less than 8% for plasma and tissue KA (plasma n=6 and 13; tissue n=4). Linear results for serially diluted samples confirmed the assay specificity. Tissue BK determinations were based on an established assay for plasma BK: tissue was homogenized and kinins extracted in ethanol, and BK was isolated by high-performance (HPLC) liquid chromatography and quantitated by radioimmunassay. Within- and between-assay CV for plasma BK were 18% (n=8 and n=35, respectively) and for BK in various tissues less than 16% (n=5-8). RESULTS: In male Wistar rats (n=3), plasma BK was 8.2±6.6 fmol/mL (mean±SD), and tissue BK (fmol/g) in 14 tested organs varied between brain (14±3) and submaxillary gland (521±315). Six days after left-sided unilateral renal denervation, left renal tissue BK (89±9) was not different from right renal BK (75±23). Similarly, KA was comparable in the two kidneys (left 18.0±1.5, right 15.8±1.4μkat/g). CONCLUSION: Any possible effect of unilateral renal denervation on the kidney's KKS would have to be bilateral.

Preperceptual and stimulus-selective enhancement of low-level human visual cortex excitability by sounds.

Evidence of multisensory interactions within low-level cortices and at early post-stimulus latencies has prompted a paradigm shift in conceptualizations of sensory organization. However, the mechanisms of these interactions and their link to behavior remain largely unknown. One behaviorally salient stimulus is a rapidly approaching (looming) object, which can indicate potential threats. Based on findings from humans and nonhuman primates suggesting there to be selective multisensory (auditory-visual) integration of looming signals, we tested whether looming sounds would selectively modulate the excitability of visual cortex. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the occipital pole and psychophysics for "neurometric" and psychometric assays of changes in low-level visual cortex excitability (i.e., phosphene induction) and perception, respectively. Across three experiments we show that structured looming sounds considerably enhance visual cortex excitability relative to other sound categories and white-noise controls. The time course of this effect showed that modulation of visual cortex excitability started to differ between looming and stationary sounds for sound portions of very short duration (80 ms) that were significantly below (by 35 ms) perceptual discrimination threshold. Visual perceptions are thus rapidly and efficiently boosted by sounds through early, preperceptual and stimulus-selective modulation of neuronal excitability within low-level visual cortex.

In vitro assessment of the pulmonary toxicity and gastric availability of lead-rich particles from a lead recycling plant

Epidemiological studies in urban areas have linked increasing respiratory and cardiovascular pathologies with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from anthropic activities. However, the biological fate of metal-rich PM industrial emissions in urban areas of developed countries remains understudied. Lead toxicity and bioaccessibility assessments were therefore performed on emissions from a lead recycling plant, using complementary chemical acellular tests and toxicological assays, as a function of PM size (PM(10-2.5), PM(2.5-1) and PM(1)) and origin (furnace, refining and channeled emissions). Process PM displayed differences in metal content, granulometry, and percentage of inhalable fraction as a function of their origin. Lead gastric bioaccessibility was relatively low (maximum 25%) versus previous studies; although, because of high total lead concentrations, significant metal quantities were solubilized in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Regardless of origin, the finest PM(1) particles induced the most significant pro-inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, this biological response correlated with pro-oxidant potential assay results, suggesting some biological predictive value for acellular tests. Pulmonary effects from lead-rich PM could be driven by thiol complexation with either lead ions or directly on the particulate surface. Finally, health concern of PM was discussed on the basis of pro-inflammatory effects, accellular test results, and PM size distribution.

Native homing endonucleases can target conserved genes in humans and in animal models.

In recent years, both homing endonucleases (HEases) and zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) have been engineered and selected for the targeting of desired human loci for gene therapy. However, enzyme engineering is lengthy and expensive and the off-target effect of the manufactured endonucleases is difficult to predict. Moreover, enzymes selected to cleave a human DNA locus may not cleave the homologous locus in the genome of animal models because of sequence divergence, thus hampering attempts to assess the in vivo efficacy and safety of any engineered enzyme prior to its application in human trials. Here, we show that naturally occurring HEases can be found, that cleave desirable human targets. Some of these enzymes are also shown to cleave the homologous sequence in the genome of animal models. In addition, the distribution of off-target effects may be more predictable for native HEases. Based on our experimental observations, we present the HomeBase algorithm, database and web server that allow a high-throughput computational search and assignment of HEases for the targeting of specific loci in the human and other genomes. We validate experimentally the predicted target specificity of candidate fungal, bacterial and archaeal HEases using cell free, yeast and archaeal assays.

An adenovirus-based fluorescent reporter vector to identify and isolate HIV-infected cells.

A procedure is described that allows the simple identification and sorting of live human cells that transcribe actively the HIV virus, based on the detection of GFP fluorescence in cells. Using adenoviral vectors for gene transfer, an expression cassette including the HIV-1 LTR driving the reporter gene GFP was introduced into cells that expressed stably either the Tat transcriptional activator, or an inactive mutant of Tat. Both northern and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicate that cells containing the functional Tat protein presented levels of GFP mRNA and GFP fluorescence several orders of magnitude higher than control cells. Correspondingly, cells infected with HIV-1 showed similar enhanced reporter gene activation. HIV-1-infected cells of the lymphocytic line Jurkat were easily identified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) as they displayed a much higher green fluorescence after transduction with the reporter adenoviral vector. This procedure could also be applied on primary human cells as blood monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to the adenoviral LTR-GFP reporter presented a much higher fluorescence when infected with HIV-1 compared with HIV-uninfected cells. The vector described has the advantages of labelling cells independently of their proliferation status and that analysis can be carried on intact cells which can be isolated subsequently by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for further culture. This work suggests that adenoviral vectors carrying a virus-specific transcriptional control element controlling the expressions of a fluorescent protein will be useful in the identification and isolation of cells transcribing actively the viral template, and to be of use for drug screening and susceptibility assays.

Role of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in doxorubicin-induced cell death in vivo and in vitro.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent available antitumor agent; however, its clinical use is limited because of its cardiotoxicity. Cell death is a key component in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, but its mechanisms are elusive. Here, we explore the role of superoxide, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite in DOX-induced cell death using both in vivo and in vitro models of cardiotoxicity. Western blot analysis, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and biochemical assays were used to determine the markers of apoptosis/necrosis and sources of NO and superoxide and their production. Left ventricular function was measured by a pressure-volume system. We demonstrated increases in myocardial apoptosis (caspase-3 cleavage/activity, cytochrome c release, and TUNEL), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, mitochondrial superoxide generation, 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) formation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 gene expression, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation [without major changes in NAD(P)H oxidase isoform 1, NAD(P)H oxidase isoform 2, p22(phox), p40(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), xanthine oxidase, endothelial NOS, and neuronal NOS expression] and decreases in myocardial contractility, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities 5 days after DOX treatment to mice. All these effects of DOX were markedly attenuated by peroxynitrite scavengers. Doxorubicin dose dependently increased mitochondrial superoxide and NT generation and apoptosis/necrosis in cardiac-derived H9c2 cells. DOX- or peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis/necrosis positively correlated with intracellular NT formation and could be abolished by peroxynitrite scavengers. DOX-induced cell death and NT formation were also attenuated by selective iNOS inhibitors or in iNOS knockout mice. Various NO donors when coadministered with DOX but not alone dramatically enhanced DOX-induced cell death with concomitant increased NT formation. DOX-induced cell death was also attenuated by cell-permeable SOD but not by cell-permeable catalase, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, or the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynine or diphenylene iodonium. Thus, peroxynitrite is a major trigger of DOX-induced cell death both in vivo and in vivo, and the modulation of the pathways leading to its generation or its effective neutralization can be of significant therapeutic benefit.

Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers.

The nuclear hormone receptors called PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha, beta, and gamma) regulate the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids by induction of the acyl-CoA oxidase gene that encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway. Gel retardation and cotransfection assays revealed that PPAR alpha heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor beta (RXR beta; RXR is the receptor for 9-cis-retinoic acid) and that the two receptors cooperate for the activation of the acyl-CoA oxidase gene promoter. The strongest stimulation of this promoter was obtained when both receptors were exposed simultaneously to their cognate activators. Furthermore, we show that natural fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, activate PPARs as potently as does the hypolipidemic drug Wy 14,643, the most effective activator known so far. Moreover, we discovered that the synthetic arachidonic acid analogue 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid is 100 times more effective than Wy 14,643 in the activation of PPAR alpha. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a convergence of the PPAR and RXR signaling pathways in the regulation of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids by fatty acids and retinoids.

gp100(209-2M) peptide immunization of human lymphocyte antigen-A2+ stage I-III melanoma patients induces significant increase in antigen-specific effector and long-term memory CD8+ T cells.

Thirty-five HLA-A2(+) patients with completely resected stage I-III melanoma were vaccinated multiple times over 6 months with a modified melanoma peptide, gp100(209-2M), emulsified in Montanide adjuvant. Direct ex vivo gp100(209-2M) tetramer analysis of pre- and postvaccine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) demonstrated significant increases in the frequency of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells after immunization for 33 of 35 evaluable patients (median, 0.36%; range, 0.05-8.9%). Ex vivo IFN-gamma cytokine flow cytometry analysis of postvaccine PBMCs after brief gp100(209-2M) in vitro activation showed that for all of the patients studied tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-gamma; however, some patients had significant numbers of tetramer(+) IFN-gamma(-) CD8(+)T cells suggesting functional anergy. Additionally, 8 day gp100(209-2M) in vitro stimulation (IVS) of pre- and postvaccine PBMCs resulted in significant expansion of tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells from postvaccine cells for 34 patients, and these IVS tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells were functionally responsive by IFN-gamma cytokine flow cytometry analysis after restimulation with either native or modified gp100 peptide. However, correlated functional and phenotype analysis of IVS-expanded postvaccine CD8(+) T cells demonstrated the proliferation of functionally anergic gp100(209-2M)- tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in several patients and also indicated interpatient variability of gp100(209-2M) stimulated T-cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis of cryopreserved postvaccine PBMCs from representative patients showed that the majority of tetramer(+) CD8+ T cells (78.1 +/- 4.2%) had either an "effector" (CD45 RA(+)/CCR7(-)) or an "effector-memory" phenotype (CD45RA(-)/CCR7(-)). Notably, analysis of PBMCs collected 12-24 months after vaccine therapy demonstrated the durable presence of gp100(209-2M)-specific memory CD8(+) T cells with high proliferation potential. Overall, this report demonstrates that after vaccination with a MHC class I-restricted melanoma peptide, resected nonmetastatic melanoma patients can mount a significant antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response with a functionally intact memory component. The data further support the combined use of tetramer binding and functional assays in correlated ex vivo and IVS settings as a standard for immunomonitoring of cancer vaccine patients.