Die Arbeit: eine Re-Vision = Le travail: une re-vision

Was ist Arbeit? Ein notwendiges Übel, eine den Menschen erst zum Menschen machende Notwendigkeit, ein Mittel sich selbst zu verwirklichen, eine notwendige Struktur, die den Menschen gesund hält, ja sogar therapiert oder bloss eine unter vielen Möglichkeiten, mit dem Leben etwas anzufangen? Arbeit wurde schon immer mehrdeutig gefasst. Zwölf Autoren aus dem französischen und deutschen Kulturkreis diskutieren, was Arbeit ist und war. Die Beiträge aus Philosophie, Recht, Sozialwissenschaften, aber auch Kunstwissenschaften kreisen um vier wesentliche Spannungen des Begriffs Arbeit: die Arbeit der Frau, die Sichtbarkeit oder Sichtbarmachung der Arbeit, das Verhältnis von Arbeit zu anderen menschlichen Tätigkeiten, der Sinn und das Erleben der Arbeit mit dem allgegenwärtigen Stress, mit dem die heutige Arbeit verknüpft wird. Qu'est-ce que le travail? Un mal nécessaire, une nécessité pour faire des hommes des êtres humains, un moyen de se réaliser, une structure nécessaire qui maintient les êtres humains en santé, voire même les soigne, ou simplement une possibilité parmi d'autres de faire quelque chose de sa vie? Le terme de travail comprend un large éventail de significations. Douze auteurs de culture française et allemande discutent de ce qu'est le travail et de ce qu'il était. Les contributions issues de la philosophie, du droit, des sciences sociales, mais aussi des arts s'articulent autour de quatre dimensions essentielles du concept de travail: le travail des femmes, la visibilité ou la mise en évidence du travail, le lien entre le travail et les autres activités humaines, la recherche de sens et le vécu du travail avec le stress quotidien qui est aujourd'hui étroitement lié au travail.

Finding the right interactional temperature: do colder patients need more warmth in physician communication style?

Being aware of which communication style should be adopted when facing more difficult patients is important for physicians; it can help prevent patient reactions of dissatisfaction, mistrust, or non-adherence that can be detrimental to the process of care. Past research suggests that less agreeable patients are especially critical towards, and reactive to, their physician's communication style, compared to more agreeable patients. On the basis of the literature, we hypothesized that less agreeable patients would react more negatively than agreeable patients to lower levels of affiliativeness (i.e., warmth, friendliness) in the physicians, in terms of satisfaction with the physician, trust in the physician, and determination to adhere to the treatment. Thirty-six general practitioners (20 men/16 women) working in their own practice in Switzerland were filmed while interacting with 69 patients (36 men/33 women) of different ages (M = 50.7; SD = 18.19; range: 18-84) and presenting different medical problems (e.g., back pain, asthma, hypertension, diabetes). After the medical interview, patients filled in questionnaires measuring their satisfaction with the physician, their trust in the physician, their determination to adhere to the treatment, and their trait of agreeableness. Physician affiliativeness was coded on the basis of the video recordings. Physician gender and dominance, patient gender and age, as well as the gravity of the patient's medical condition were introduced as control variables in the analysis. Results confirmed our hypothesis for satisfaction and trust, but not for adherence; less agreeable patients reacted more negatively (in terms of satisfaction and trust) than agreeable patients to lower levels of affiliativeness in their physicians. This study suggests that physicians should be especially attentive to stay warm and friendly with people low in agreeableness because those patients' satisfaction and trust might be more easily lowered by a cold or distant physician communication style.

Protection des travailleuses enceintes et des enfants à naître: ce que doit savoir le médecin

Quarante-cinq pour cent de la population active suisse est constituée de femmes. Parmi celles-ci beaucoup auront à concilier vie professionnelle et grossesse. La grossesse n'est certes pas une maladie mais elle engendre des changements dans l'organisme de la femme qui rendent certains travaux plus pénibles, voire dangereux pour leur santé et celle de l'enfant à naître. Employeurs et médecins se doivent donc d'assurer à la travailleuse enceinte une grossesse sans danger. Pour ce faire, il existe des directives légales relatives à la loi sur le travail et portant sur la protection de la femme enceinte qui doivent être connues et appliquées. L'article résume ainsi cette problématique et propose aux médecins des sources d'informations pratiques tout en leur faisant part de l'utilité de faire appel au médecin du travail. 45% of workers in Switzerland are women who will sooner or later have to accomodate work and pregnancy. Pregnancy is not a disease but some occupational activities become more difficult and may cause health problems for the pregnant woman or the child to be born. Employers and medical doctors have to assure to the working pregnant women a pregnancy without work risks. Consequently they have to know the legal recommandations for the pregnancy protection which are noticed in the Swiss law. This article summarizes this topic in giving to medical doctors the necessary informations and advices, and explains the role of the occupational physician

La femme enceinte : congé maternité

Inaptitude ou incapacité de travail de la travailleuse enceinte par le gynécologue. Une ordonnance que tout médecin de la spécialité doit prendre en considération et que tout médecin généraliste doit connaître.

Cancer du sein chez la jeune femme: traitements adjuvants et désir de grossesse [Breast cancer in young women: adjuvant therapy and fertility]

Prognosis of breast cancer women has been dramatically improved by the adjuvant therapies. As the vast majority of patients are cured, the importance of long-term quality of life is growing. The question of the maternity is an essential concern for the young women who have to receive chemotherapy or several years of endocrine therapy. This problem is often underestimated and may lead to emotional distress, depression or anxiety. A regional multidisciplinary working group was set up in order to offer optimal information about fertility and cancer as to propose specific therapeutic reproduction options, when applicable. Specificity of the young patients' breast cancer, the treatment approaches and their impact on fertility are discussed in this paper.

Factors influencing interprofessional practices of physiotherapists working in private settings with people with low back pain: a qualitative study

Purpose: Collaboration and interprofessional practices are highly valued in health systems everywhere, partly based on the rationale that they improve outcomes of care for people with complex health problems, such as low back pain. Research in the area of low back pain also supports the involvement of different health professionals in the interventions for people who present this condition. The aim of this studywas to identify factors influencing the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists working in private settings with people with low back pain. Relevance: Physiotherapists, like other health professionals, are encouraged to engage in interprofessional practices in their dailywork. However, to date, very little is known of their interprofessional practices, especially in private settings. Understanding physiotherapists' interprofessional practices and their influencing factors will notably advance knowledge relating to the organisation of physiotherapy services for people with low back pain. Participants: Participants in this study were 13 physiotherapists including 10 women and 3 men, having between 3 and 22 years of professional experience, and working in one of 10 regions of the Province of Quebec (Canada). In order to obtain maximal variation in the perspectives, participants were selected using a recruitment matrix including three criteria: duration of professional experience, work location, and physical proximity with other professionals. Methods: Thiswas a descriptive qualitative study using faceto- face semi-structured interviews as the main method of data collection. An interview guide was developed based on an evidence-derived frame of reference. Each interview lasted between 55 and 95 minutes and was transcribed verbatim. Analysis: Qualitative analyses took the form of content analysis, encompassing data coding and general thematic regrouping. NVivo version 8 was used to assist data organisation and analysis. Results: Multiple factors influencing the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists were identified. The main factors include the consulting person's health condition, the extent of knowledge on health professionals' roles and fields of practice, the proximity and availability of professional resources, as well as daily work schedules. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the influence of multiple factors on physiotherapists' interprofessional practices, including professional practice and organisational issues. However, further research on the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists is still required. Research priorities targeting the views of other health professionals, as well as those of services users, would enhance our comprehension of interprofessional practices of physiotherapists. Implications: This study provides new insights that improve our understanding of the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists working in private settings with people with low back pain, more specifically on the factors influencing these practices. Based on our findings, implementing changes such as improving current and future health professionals' knowledge of the fields and roles of other health professionals through training may contribute to positively influencing interprofessional practices. Keywords: Interprofessional practices; Private practice; Low back pain Funding acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by a B.E. Schnurr Memorial Fund Research Grant administered by the Physiotherapy Foundation of Canada, as well as from a clinical research partnership in physiotherapy between the Quebec Rehabilitation Research Network (REPAR) and the Ordre professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec (OPPQ). KP received doctoral-level scholarships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST). CE Dionne is a FRSQ senior Research Scholar. Ethics approval: This project was approved by the ethics research committee of the Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec.

Prediction and discrimination of osteoporotic hip fracture in postmenopausal women.

Osteoporotic hip fractures increase dramatically with age and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Several treatments to prevent the occurrence of hip fracture have been validated in large randomized trials and the current challenge is to improve the identification of individuals at high risk of fracture who would benefit from therapeutic or preventive intervention. We have performed an exhaustive literature review on hip fracture predictors, focusing primarily on clinical risk factors, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative ultrasound, and bone markers. This review is based on original articles and meta-analyses. We have selected studies that aim both to predict the risk of hip fracture and to discriminate individuals with or without fracture. We have included only postmenopausal women in our review. For studies involving both men and women, only results concerning women have been considered. Regarding clinical factors, only prospective studies have been taken into account. Predictive factors have been used as stand-alone tools to predict hip fracture or sequentially through successive selection processes or by combination into risk scores. There is still much debate as to whether or not the combination of these various parameters, as risk scores or as sequential or concurrent combinations, could help to better predict hip fracture. There are conflicting results on whether or not such combinations provide improvement over each method alone. Sequential combination of bone mineral density and ultrasound parameters might be cost-effective compared with DXA alone, because of fewer bone mineral density measurements. However, use of multiple techniques may increase costs. One problem that precludes comparison of most published studies is that they use either relative risk, or absolute risk, or sensitivity and specificity. The absolute risk of individuals given their risk factors and bone assessment results would be a more appropriate model for decision-making than relative risk. Currently, a group appointed by the World Health Organization and lead by Professor John Kanis is working on such a model. It will therefore be possible to further assess the best choice of threshold to optimize the number of women needed to screen for each country and each treatment.

Women Sports Journalists in Switzerland: Between Assignment and Negotiation of Roles

In this paper, we analyze working experiences of female sports journalists in the French-speaking Swiss daily press. We draw on Bourdieu's theory of habitus and field to examine how structures of power shape these journalists' lives. Based on 27 semistructured interviews and observations in the field, we found that women journalists' work experiences depend on the relationship between their position in the field and their ethos and hexis. We identified three main strategies through which the women journalists negotiated their experiences: (1) conforming to the dominant male ethos (2) threatening the orthodoxy (3) resisting while hijacking the assigned role.