Facteurs de radiosensibilité tardive des tissus sains [Factors of late radiosensitivity of normal tissues]

The impact of curative radiotherapy depends mainly on the total dose delivered homogenously in the targeted volume. Nevertheless, the dose delivered to the surrounding healthy tissues may reduce the therapeutic ratio of many radiation treatments. Two different side effects (acute and late) can occur during and after radiotherapy. Of particular interest are the radiation-induced sequelae due to their irreversibility and the potential impact on daily quality of life. In a same population treated in one centre with the same technique, it appears that individual radiosensitivity clearly exists. In the hypothesis that genetic is involved in this area of research, lymphocytes seem to be the tissue of choice due to easy accessibility. Recently, low percentage of CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte apoptosis were shown to be correlated with high grade of sequelae. In addition, recent data suggest that patients with severe radiation-induced late side effects possess four or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in candidate genes (ATM, SOD2, TGFB1, XRCC1, and XRCC3) and low radiation-induced CD8 lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. On-going studies are being analyzing the entire genome using a Genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis.

L'individualisation constitue-t-elle encore le paradigme de la religion en modernité tardive?

Les recherches sur les croyances ont notoirement accrédité la théorie de l'individualisation de la religion. En réduisant nolens volens la religion à un croire, elles ont contribué à cette interprétation reprise à l'envi par les médias. Sans totalement renier cette perspective, nous explorons ci-après l'hypothèse de la dualisation de la religion en modernité tardive. Elle nous paraît mieux à même de rendre compte d'un processus complexe de changement qui articule religion traditionnelle et religion commune sans forcément les opposer. A l'aide des données empruntées à nos recherches de 1989 et 1999, nous essayons de montrer comment la culture travaille le champ religieux dans le vens annoncé.

Severe childhood encephalopathy with dyskinesia and prolonged cognitive disturbances: evidence for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis.

Aim We report four cases of acquired severe encephalopathy with massive hyperkinesia, marked neurological and cognitive regression, sleep disturbance, prolonged mutism, and a remarkably delayed recovery (time to full recovery between 5 and 18mo) with an overall good outcome, and its association with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor antibodies. Method We reviewed the four cases retrospectively and we also reviewed the literature. Results Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies (without ovarian teratoma detected so far) were found in the two children tested in this study. Interpretation The clinical features are similar to those first reported in 1992 by Sebire et al.,(1) and rarely recognized since. Sleep disturbance was not emphasized as part of the disorder, but appears to be an important feature, whereas coma is less certain and difficult to evaluate in this setting. The combination of symptoms, evolution (mainly seizures at onset), severity, paucity of abnormal laboratory findings, very slow recovery, and difficult management justify its recognition as a specific entity. The neuropathological substrate may be anatomically close to that involved in encephalitis lethargica, in which the same target functions (sleep and movement) are affected but in reverse, with hypersomnolence and bradykinesia. This syndrome closely resembles anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, which has been reported in adults and is often paraneoplastic.

La responsabilité du transporteur pour perte, avarie et/ou livraison tardive de la marchandise : étude de droit suisse avec un aperçu de droit romain

Introduction 1-La notion de transport a l'avantage de se laisser aborder sous des angles aussi variés que passionnants. Elle est en effet ancrée dans les fondements de notre société moderne à tous les échelons et a de tout temps constitué un sujet d'étude et de recherche de premier plan. 2-Si les échanges ont connu une véritable "explosion" avec le développement des moyens modernes que l'on sait (moteur, électricité), les historiens voient dans le Néolithique leur véritable point de départ'. S'en suivent de longs siècles qui verront le développement d'un réseau routier de plus en plus dense et de moyens de transport plus ou moins rapides et sophistiqués. 3-Il va sans dire que la notion de transport est intimement liée à celle de commerce. L'on peut même douter de l'existence de ce dernier sans le premier et rejoindre ainsi l'opinion qui fixe leur apparition simultanément, à savoir trois mille ans avant notre ère. 4-Au fil du temps, le commerce donnera naissance à un nombre important d'us et coutumes formant le terreau de notre droit des contrats ; logiquement, le monde des transports n'a pas échappé à cette ébauche de réglementation, dont est issue une législation extraordinairement étayée. 5-Ce domaine constitue un sujet d'étude des plus intéressants en raison de la diversité des questions qu'il soulève, d'une part, et de son rôle dans notre société, d'autre part. La matière ne fait étonnamment l'objet que de peu d'attention en droit suisses, et ce malgré les changements importants intervenus ces derniers temps en transports ferroviaire, aérien, ou encore fluvial. 6-Nous proposons dès lors de présenter l'état du droit suisse sur une question précise, à savoir la responsabilité du transporteur en cas de perte, avarie et/ou livraison tardive de la marchandise. Nous dresserons un tableau de la situation dans les divers modes de transports et comparerons les résultats obtenus, en nous interrogeant sur les éventuelles différences et leur pertinence. Ces développements seront précédés d'un chapitre de droit romain abordant en particulier la question de la responsabilité du transporteur.

Naevus du repli semi-lunaire de la conjonctive de découverte tardive [Conjunctival semi-lunar fold nevus of presumed late onset].

Conjunctival nevi are lesions observed commonly occasionnally and can be found later in a life. Such a lesion was observed on the conjunctival semilunar fold in a 76-year-old female patient. It was oval in shape, pigmented, and was mainly visible when the affected eye was in abduction. As no accurate anterior clinical history was available, surgical resection was performed. Hitopathological study disclosed a subepithelial nevus, which was completely resected. Regular follow-up was recommended, as is usual after surgical resection of a conjunctival pigmented tumor.

Détection des lésions focales hépatiques malignes. Comparaison de l'échographie, de la porto-tomodensitométrie, de la tomodensitométrie tardive et de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique [Detection of malignant focal hepatic lesions. Comparison of ultrasonography, computerized tomography during arterial portography, delayed computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging]

AIMS: This study was performed to compare the sensitivity of ultrasonography, computerized tomography during arterial portography, delayed computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging to detect focal liver lesions. Forty three patients with primary or secondary malignant liver lesions were studied prior to surgical intervention. METHODS: The results of the imaging studies were compared with intraoperative examination of the liver, intraoperative ultrasonography and pathology results (29 patients). In the non-operated (14 patients) group, we compared the number of lesions detected by each technique. RESULTS: One hundred and forty six lesions were detected. There was 84% sensitivity with computerized tomography during arterial portography, 61.3% with delayed scan, 63.3% with magnetic resonance imaging and 51% with ultrasonography in operated patients. In patients who did not undergo surgery, magnetic resonance imaging was more sensitive in detecting lesions. CONCLUSIONS: In operated and non-operated patients series, CT during arterial portography had the highest sensitivity, but magnetic resonance imaging had the most consistent overall results.

Mutations in DNAH5 account for only 15% of a non-preselected cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

BACKGROUND: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterised by recurrent infections of the upper respiratory airways (nose, bronchi, and frontal sinuses) and randomisation of left-right body asymmetry. To date, PCD is mainly described with autosomal recessive inheritance and mutations have been found in five genes: the dynein arm protein subunits DNAI1, DNAH5 and DNAH11, the kinase TXNDC3, and the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator RPGR. METHODS: We screened 89 unrelated individuals with PCD for mutations in the coding and splice site regions of the gene DNAH5 by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and sequencing. Patients were mainly of European origin and were recruited without any phenotypic preselection. RESULTS: We identified 18 novel (nonsense, splicing, small deletion and missense) and six previously described mutations. Interestingly, these DNAH5 mutations were mainly associated with outer + inner dyneins arm ultrastructural defects (50%). CONCLUSION: Overall, mutations on both alleles of DNAH5 were identified in 15% of our clinically heterogeneous cohort of patients. Although genetic alterations remain to be identified in most patients, DNAH5 is to date the main PCD gene.