43 resultados para Revolució industrial -- Sant Pere de Vilamajor (Catalunya)

em Université de Lausanne, Switzerland


Relevância:

30.00% 30.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

De nombreux travailleurs utilisent le captan et le folpet comme fongicides en agriculture, mais leur exposition n'est pas toujours mesurée de manière spécifique et précise. La surveillance biologique est un excellent outil à cet effet puisqu'elle permet de quantifier l'exposition réelle. Toutefois, la majorité des connaissances toxicologiques pour ces fongicides proviennent d'études sur les animaux, et les données chez l'humain sont limitées.Le but du présent projet est donc de développer des outils de surveillance biologique pour évaluer l'exposition de travailleurs au captan et au folpet. Dans cette perspective, le projet a été subdivisé en trois parties complémentaires, soit i) de développer des méthodes analytiques spécifiques pour quantifier les biomarqueurs d'intérêt du captan, à savoir le tétrahydrophtalimide (THPI), et du folpet, à savoir le phtalimide (PI) et l'acide phtalique, dans le plasma et l'urine; ii) de déterminer la toxicocinétique des deux fongicides en exposant desvolontaires de façon aigüe à de faibles doses de captan ou de folpet par voie orale et cutanée dans des conditions semi-contrôlées et en quantifiant les biomarqueurs dans chacune des deux matrices, excepté l'acide phtalique qui a été mesuré seulement dans l'urine; iii) de valider les biomarqueurs d'exposition sélectionnés et d'évaluer l'exposition réelle des travailleurs et les voies prédominantes d'exposition au captan et au folpet en collectant des données biologiques chez des travailleurs en arboriculture et en viticulture lors d'activités de traitement et d'effeuillage pendant sept jours consécutifs.Selon ces travaux, le THPI et le PI sont deux biomarqueurs valides et spécifiques pour quantifier l'exposition au captan et au folpet, respectivement, chez l'humain. En effet, les méthodes développées pour ces deux métabolites sont robustes avec des limites de détection plus sensibles que celles rapportées dans la littérature, un taux de recouvrement de 90% pour le THPI et de 75% pour le PI, une très bonne linéarité (R2>0,99) et une bonne stabilité avec des variations intra- et inter-journalières faibles (RSD<15%). Elles ont permis de déterminer les profils cinétiques des deux métabolites chez les volontaires et chez les travailleurs. Ces derniers indiquent d'ailleurs une élimination rapide, avec une demi-vie d'élimination dans l'urine de 11,7 h et 18,7 h pour le THPI et de 27,3 h et 28,8 h pour le PI, respectivement après une absorption par voie orale et cutanée, ainsi qu'une faible absorption cutanée lorsque les valeurs sont comparées pour les deux voies d'exposition. Des profils parallèles sont aussi observés entre le PI et l'acide phtalique pour les volontaires et les agriculteurs, mais le folpet se retrouve davantage métabolisé sous forme d'acide phtalique que de PI. Quant à l'étude des agriculteurs, elle montre que la voie principale d'exposition de ces travailleurs est la voiecutanée. Il est aussi souligné qu'il est important 1) de favoriser les collectes d'urines complètes sur 24 h au urines ponctuelles, 2) de mesurer plusieurs métabolites, et 3) d'associer les données de surveillance biologique à la toxicocinétique. Ainsi, les connaissances acquises par cette étude peuvent s'appliquer à d'autres fongicides, voire d'autres substances.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

[Table des matières] Introduction. 2 Stratégies de prévention dans d'autres régions. 3. Australie (Australian Better Health Initiative 2006-2010). 4. Royaume-Uni. 5. Suisse. 5.1 En résumé ... 5.2 Vers une loi fédérale (?) 5.3 Suisse : synopsis. 6. Saint-Gall. 6.1 Poids corporel sain pour les enfants. 6.2 Santé au travail. 6.3 Dépendances. 6.4 Prévention et promotion de la santé dans les communes. 6.5 Saint-Gall : synopsis. 7. Valais. 8. Tessin. 8.1 Canton du Tessin : Synopsis I (programme général). 8.2 Canton du Tessin : Synopsis II (activités en cours). Annexe 1 : 21 buts de santé pour la Suisse (Santé Publique Suisse). Annexe 2 : 7 thèses sur la nouvelle réglementation de la prévention et de la promotion de la santé en Suisse (Office fédéral de la santé publique).

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The Layout of My Thesis This thesis contains three chapters in Industrial Organization that build on the work outlined above. The first two chapters combine leniency programs with multimarket contact and provide a thorough analysis of the potential effects of Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus. The third chapter puts the whole discussion on leniency programs into perspective by examining other enforcement tools available to an antitrust authority. The main argument in that last chapter is that a specific instrument can only be as effective as the policy in which it is embedded. It is therefore important for an antitrust authority to know how it best accompanies the introduction or modification of a policy instrument that helps deterrence. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 examines the efféct of Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus on the incentives of firms to report cartel activities. The main question is whether the inclusion of these policies in a leniency program undermine the effectiveness of the latter by discouraging the firms to apply for amnesty. The model is static and focus on the ex post incentives of firms to desist from collusion. The results suggest that, because Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus encourage the reporting of a second cartel after a first detection, a firm, anticipating this, may be reluctant to seek leniency and to report in the first place. However, the effect may also go in the opposite direction, and Amnesty Plus and Penalty Plus may encourage the simultaneous reporting of two cartels. Chapter 2 takes this idea further to the stage of cartel formation. This chapter provides a complete characterization of the potential anticompetitive and procompetitive effects of Amnesty Plus in a infinitely repeated game framework when the firms use their multimarket contact to harshen punishment. I suggest a clear-cut policy rule that prevents potential adverse effects and thereby show that, if policy makers follow this rule, a leniency program with Amnesty Plus performs better than one without. Chapter 3 characterizes the socially optimal enforcement effort of an antitrust authority and shows how this effort changes with the introduction or modification of specific policy instruments. The intuition is that the policy instrument may increase the marginal benefit of conducting investigations. If this effect is strong enough, a more rigorous detection policy becomes socially desirable.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Les aspects physiques et psychiques sont étroitement intriqués à l'adolescence, et le corps représente un lieu privilégié d'expression des conflits. C'est dire l'importance de donner une place de choix au versant psychologique au sein d'une consultation de santé des adolescents, pour tenter de discerner la souffrance psychique souvent cachée derrière la plainte somatique.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Les bénéfices pour la santé d'une activité physique régulière sont de mieux en mieux établis et s'appliquent notamment à des pathologies aussi diverses que l'infarctus du myocarde ou certains cancers. Or, deux tiers de la population suisse rapportent une pratique en activité physique inférieure aux recommandations minimales pour la santé. On estime en Suisse que la sédentarité est annuellement responsable de 2,1 millions de cas de maladie, de 2900 décès et de 2,4 milliards de francs de coûts liés aux traitements.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND: A reorganization of healthcare systems is required to meet the challenge of the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes. In North-America and Europe, several countries have thus developed national or regional chronic disease management programs. In Switzerland, such initiatives have only emerged recently. In 2010, the canton of Vaud set up the "Diabetes Cantonal Program", within the framework of which we conducted a study designed to ascertain the opinions of both diabetic patients and healthcare professionals on the elements that could be integrated into this program, the barriers and facilitators to its development, and the incentives that could motivate these actors to participate. METHODS: We organized eight focus-groups: one with diabetic patients and one with healthcare professionals in the four sanitary areas of the canton of Vaud. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and submitted to a thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Patients and healthcare professionals were rather in favour of the implementation of a cantonal program, although patients were more cautious concerning its necessity. All participants envisioned a set of elements that could be integrated to this program. They also considered that the program could be developed more easily if it were adapted to patients' and professionals' needs and if it used existing structures and professionals. The difficulty to motivate both patients and professionals to participate was mentioned as a barrier to the development of this program however. Quality or financial incentives could therefore be created to overcome this potential problem. CONCLUSION: The identification of the elements to consider, barriers, facilitators and incentives to participate to a chronic disease management program, obtained by exploring the opinions of patients and healthcare professionals, should favour its further development and implementation.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The health status and need for care differ depending on the gender. The most notable differences are life expectancy, life expectancy in good health and the prevalence of geriatric syndromes or chronic illnesses. Some social health determinants (social isolation or financial precariousness) seem to act as risk factors for vulnerability, mostly amongst old or very old women. Through some examples of differences between men and women in terms of health and caregiving needs, this article tries to heighten the awareness of health professionals to a gender based approach of the elderly patient in order to promote the best possible equity in healthcare.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In the framework of health services research sponsored by the Swiss National Science Foundation, a research was undertaken of the activity of the large majority of the public health nurses working in the Swiss cantons of Vaud and Fribourg (total population 700,000). During one week, 130 nurses gathered, with a specially devised instrument, data on 4165 patient visits. Studying the duration of the contacts, one has distinguished contact duration per se (DC), duration of the travel time preceding the contact (DD), and total duration in relation with the contact (DTC-addition of the first two). It was noted that the three durations increased significantly with patient age (as regard travel time, this is explained by the higher proportion of home visits in higher age groups, as compared with visits at a health center). Examined according to location of the visit, contact duration per se (without travel) is higher for visits at home and in nursing homes than for those taking place at a health center. Looked at in respect to the care given (technical care, or basic nursing care, or both simultaneously), our data show that the provision of basic nursing care (alone or with technical care) doubles contact duration (from 20 to 42-45'). The analyses according to patient age shows that, at an advanced age (beyond 80 years particularly), there is an important increase of the visits where both types of care are given. However, contact duration per se shows a significant raise with age only for the group "technical care only"; it can be demonstrated that this is due to the fact that older patients require more complex technical acts (e.g., bladder care, as compared with simpler acts such as injection). A model of the relationships between patient age and contact duration is proposed: it is because of the increase in the proportions of home visits, of visits including basic nursing care, and of more complex technical acts that older persons require more of the working time of public health nurses.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dans le cadre de l'élaboration du Programme cantonal Diabète du canton de Vaud, nous avons mis en place une étude qualitative visant à connaître l'opinion des divers acteurs du système de santé du canton, sur la prise en charge actuelle du diabète et le développement du Programme cantonal Diabète. Nous avons recruté des patients diabétiques et des professionnels de la santé dans le but d'organiser huit focus-groupes (entretiens de groupe) : un focus-groupe de patients diabétiques et un focus-groupe de professionnels de la santé, dans chacune des quatre régions sanitaires du canton de Vaud. [Auteurs, p. 5]

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

[Table des matières] 1. Introduction. 2. Méthode. 3. Théorie d'action et plan de monitorage des résultats des activités du Cipret (Centre d'information et de prévention du tabagisme) : priorités pour l'année 2008: Axe 1: Informer sur les conséquences de la consommation de tabac et sur la promotion de la santé. Axe 2: Contribuer à la cohérence de la politique de santé publique en matière de tabac. Axe 3: Diminuer le nombre de nouveaux fumeurs. Axe 4: Aider au sevrage du tabac. Annexes.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water and the carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from different aquifers at an industrial site, highly contaminated by organic pollutants representing residues of the former gas production, have been used as natural tracers to characterize the hydrologic system. On the basis of their stable isotope compositions as well as the seasonal variations, different groups of waters (precipitation, surface waters, groundwaters and mineral waters) as well as seasonably variable processes of mixing between these waters can clearly be distinguished. In addition, reservoir effects and infiltration rates can be estimated. In the northern part of the site an influence of uprising mineral waters within the Quaternary aquifers, presumably along a fault zone, can be recognized. Marginal infiltration from the Neckar River in the cast and surface water infiltration adjacent to a steep hill on the western edge of the site with an infiltration rate of about one month can also be resolved through the seasonal variation. Quaternary aquifers closer to the centre of the site show no seasonal variations, except for one borehole close to a former mill channel and another borehole adjacent to a rain water channel. Distinct carbon isotope compositions and concentrations of DIC for these different groups of waters reflect variable influence of different components of the natural carbon cycle: dissolution of marine carbonates in the mineral waters, biogenic, soil-derived CO2 in ground- and surface waters, as well as additional influence of atmospheric CO2 for the surface waters. Many Quaternary aquifer waters have, however, distinctly lower delta(13)C(DIC) values and higher DIC concentrations compared to those expected for natural waters. Given the location of contaminated groundwaters at this site but also in the industrially well-developed valley outside of this site, the most likely source for the low C-13(DIC) values is a biodegradation of anthropogenic organic substances, in particular the tar oils at the site.