The social disembedding of business theory and practice. A (neo-)institutional analysis of the homo economicus and corporate social responsibility, and the inherent responsibility of business scholars

Aim Structure of the Thesis In the first article, I focus on the context in which the Homo Economicus was constructed - i.e., the conception of economic actors as fully rational, informed, egocentric, and profit-maximizing. I argue that the Homo Economicus theory was developed in a specific societal context with specific (partly tacit) values and norms. These norms have implicitly influenced the behavior of economic actors and have framed the interpretation of the Homo Economicus. Different factors however have weakened this implicit influence of the broader societal values and norms on economic actors. The result is an unbridled interpretation and application of the values and norms of the Homo Economicus in the business environment, and perhaps also in the broader society. In the second article, I show that the morality of many economic actors relies on isomorphism, i.e., the attempt to fit into the group by adopting the moral norms surrounding them. In consequence, if the norms prevailing in a specific group or context (such as a specific region or a specific industry) change, it can be expected that actors with an 'isomorphism morality' will also adapt their ethical thinking and their behavior -for the 'better' or for the 'worse'. The article further describes the process through which corporations could emancipate from the ethical norms prevailing in the broader society, and therefore develop an institution with specific norms and values. These norms mainly rely on mainstream business theories praising the economic actor's self-interest and neglecting moral reasoning. Moreover, because of isomorphism morality, many economic actors have changed their perception of ethics, and have abandoned the values prevailing in the broader society in order to adopt those of the economic theory. Finally, isomorphism morality also implies that these economic actors will change their morality again if the institutional context changes. The third article highlights the role and responsibility of business scholars in promoting a systematic reflection and self-critique of the business system and develops alternative models to fill the moral void of the business institution and its inherent legitimacy crisis. Indeed, the current business institution relies on assumptions such as scientific neutrality and specialization, which seem at least partly challenged by two factors. First, self-fulfilling prophecy provides scholars with an important (even if sometimes undesired) normative influence over practical life. Second, the increasing complexity of today's (socio-political) world and interactions between the different elements constituting our society question the strong specialization of science. For instance, economic theories are not unrelated to psychology or sociology, and economic actors influence socio-political structures and processes, e.g., through lobbying (Dobbs, 2006; Rondinelli, 2002), or through marketing which changes not only the way we consume, but more generally tries to instill a specific lifestyle (Cova, 2004; M. K. Hogg & Michell, 1996; McCracken, 1988; Muniz & O'Guinn, 2001). In consequence, business scholars are key actors in shaping both tomorrow's economic world and its broader context. A greater awareness of this influence might be a first step toward an increased feeling of civic responsibility and accountability for the models and theories developed or taught in business schools.

Business research, self-fulfilling prophecy, and the inherent responsibility of scholars.

Business research and teaching institutions play an important role in shaping the way businesses perceive their relations to the broader society and its moral expectations. Hence, as ethical scandals recently arose in the business world, questions related to the civic responsibilities of business scholars and to the role business schools play in society have gained wider interest. In this article, I argue that these ethical shortcomings are at least partly resulting from the mainstream business model with its taken-for granted basic assumptions such as specialization or the value-neutrality of business research. Redefining the roles and civic responsibilities of business scholars for business practice implies therefore a thorough analysis of these assumptions if not their redefinition. The takenforgrantedness of the mainstream business model is questioned by the transformation of the societal context in which business activities are embedded. Its value-neutrality in turn is challenged by self-fulfilling prophecy effects, which highlight the normative influence of business schools. In order to critically discuss some basic assumptions of mainstream business theory, I propose to draw parallels with the corporate citizenship concept and the stakeholder theory. Their integrated approach of the relation between business practice and the broader society provides interesting insights for the social reembedding of business research and teaching.

Méthodes de visualisation en analyse criminelle: approche générale de conception des schémas relationnels et développement d'un catalogue de patterns

Le travail policier et l'enquête judiciaire nécessitent de prendre de nombreuses décisions : choisir quelle trace analyser, mettre sous surveillance ou en détention un suspect, sont autant de décisions qui sont prises quotidiennement par les acteurs du système judiciaire. Ces décisions font l'objet de pesées d'intérêts qui se fondent sur l'analyse de l'information accessible. C'est le rôle de l'analyse criminelle de mettre en perspective l'information colligée pour la rendre intelligible aux décideurs compétents. L'usage de représentations graphiques est notamment recommandé pour soutenir l'analyse et la communication de ces informations.Des techniques de visualisation relationnelle sont notamment exploitées dans les enquêtes judiciaires afin de faciliter le traitement d'affaires d'envergure. Les éléments pertinents de l'enquête sont représentés sous la forme de schémas décrivant les relations entre les événements et les entités d'intérêts (tel que des personnes, des objets et des traces). Les exploitations classiques de ces techniques qui s'apparentent à des graphes, sont par exemple : la représentation de réseaux criminels, de trafics de marchandises, de chronologies d'événements, ainsi que la visualisation de relations téléphoniques et financières. Dans ce contexte, la visualisation soutient un nombre importants d'objectifs, tels qu'analyser les traces et les informations collectées, évaluer a posteriori une investigation, aider à qualifier les infractions, faciliter l'appréhension d'un dossier, voire soutenir une argumentation lors du procès.La pratique intègre des outils logiciels simples qui produisent des graphiques élégants et souvent percutants. Leur utilisation semble néanmoins soulever des difficultés. Cette recherche tend à montrer qu'il existe des disparités étonnantes lors de l'exploitation de ces techniques. Des biais de raisonnement et de perception peuvent être induits, allant jusqu'à provoquer des décisions aux conséquences parfois désastreuses. Ce constat révèle la nécessité de consolider les méthodes pratiquées.Pour mettre en évidence ces difficultés, des évaluations ont été effectuées avec des praticiens et des étudiants. Elles ont permis d'établir une image empirique de l'étendue des variations de conception et d'interprétation des représentations, ainsi que de leurs impacts sur la prise de décision. La nature et la diversité des concepts à représenter, l'absence d'un consensus émergeant sur la manière de représenter les données, la diversité des solutions visuelles envisageables, les contraintes imposées par les outils exploités et l'absence d'une formalisation claire du langage, sont autant de causes supposées des difficultés.Au cours des vingt dernières années, plusieurs axes de développement ont été proposés pour traiter les difficultés observées, tels que l'amélioration des automatismes facilitant la conception d'une représentation, l'exploitation des techniques de réseaux sociaux, l'automatisation de l'identification et de l'extraction des entités dans du texte non-structuré et la définition de langages formels. Cette recherche propose une approche parallèle fondée sur une exploitation adaptée de structures de graphe et de propriétés visuelles pour optimiser la représentation en fonction des objectifs définis et de la nature des informations à représenter.Des solutions ont été recherchées selon plusieurs axes. Des recommandations générales, issues de diverses communautés de recherche liées à la visualisation, ont été recherchées afin de proposer une démarche générale de conception des schémas relationnels. Par ailleurs, le développement d'un catalogue de bonnes pratiques formalisées sous la forme de patterns de visualisation a été amorcé. Chaque pattern décrit une solution particulière pour un problème d'analyse récurrent, tel que l'analyse d'une série de cambriolages. Finalement, l'impact sur les outils de la méthodologie proposée est discuté en regard des limites qu'ils imposent. Un prototype de visualisation multidimensionnel a été élaboré.Cette recherche met en évidence les difficultés rencontrées lors de l'exploitation de représentations graphiques pour soutenir le processus de l'enquête judiciaire et propose des éléments de méthode et des innovations techniques utiles tant pour l'enseignement de la discipline que pour sa pratique.

Obedience-disobedience dynamic and the role of responsibility

Obedience has been thoroughly studied in social psychology, both in its positive and negative aspects. Nevertheless, in these empirical studies disobedience has been considered to be the opposite of obedience and indeed its negation. Instead, some recent studies suggest that if obedience to authority is important in ensuring the continuity of social and group life, disobedience is crucial, under some circumstances, in stopping the authority relationship from degenerating into an authoritarian relationship. In this perspective, disobedience may be conceived of as a protest undermining the legitimacy of authority, or else it can represent an instrument of the community for controlling the legitimacy of the authority's demands, becoming a factor safeguarding against authoritarianism. The aim of the present study was to empirically verify the dynamics existing between disobedience and obedience. The results show that people who attach importance to both obedience and disobedience in the relationship between the individual and society recognize the importance of democratic values and consider themselves responsible for the defence of human rights. Instead, people who only recognize the value of obedience and consider disobedience as a threat to the status quo are more authoritarian, individualistic people.

Promoting Corporate Responsibility in Private Banking: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Joining the Wolfsberg Initiative Against Money Laundering

In recent years, the fight against money laundering has emerged as a key issue of financial regulation. The Wolfsberg Group is an important multistakeholder agreement establishing corporate responsibility (CR) principles against money laundering in a domain where international coordination remains otherwise difficult. The fact that 10 out of the 25 top private banking institutions joined this initiative opens up an interesting puzzle concerning the conditions for the participation of key industry players in the Wolfsberg Group. The article presents a fuzzy-set analysis of seven hypotheses based on firm-level organizational factors, the macro-institutional context, and the regulatory framework. Results from the analysis of these 25 financial institutions show that public ownership of the bank and the existence of a code of conduct are necessary conditions for participation in the Wolfsberg Group, whereas factors related to the type of financial institution, combined with the existence of a black list, are sufficient for explaining participation.

Alcoolisme et violence: dangerosité et relation médecin-malade [Alcohol and violence: reflection on care and responsibility].

Violence and aggression in human drinking society, either physical, psychological, sexual or resulting from neglect are not only debilitating both for the victim and the offender but extremely prevalent and pervasive. While being on the frontline to identify and rate auto- and hetero aggressive behaviour risk, the general health practitioner remains keen to protect his special relationship. When a history of violent behaviour becomes apparent, discernment must be thoroughly assessed and a critical exploration of its larger impact on family, children, co-workers and everyday fellow citizen should become compulsory.